Old Testament Books Summary

Old Testament Books Summary
NT Books Summary | Giới Thiệu Các Sách Cựu Ước | LFTD.ORG
Updated and Expanded: June-03-2010 - (New: Bible O.T. Timeline)

(<<) 01 - GENESIS

Author: Moses.

Date Written: Between 1450 and 1400 B.C.

Time Span:
Chapters 1-11 record the first years of man's history from the creation to the tower of Babel. Chapters 12-50 cover about 300 years, centering around the lives of 4 men: Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph. Genesis spans more time than the other 65 books of the Bible combined.

Title: The word "genesis" means "beginning" or "origin." Bereshith, the first word in the Hebrew text, means "in the beginning."

Background:
Genesis is the first of the 5 books of Moses, called the Pentateuch. Genesis deals with the history of the human race dwelling in the lands from Eden to Ur in the first 11 chapters, and from Canaan to Egypt in the remaining 39 chapters. This first book forms the basis for all further revelation about God and His plan for man.

Where Written: The general belief is that Moses received this revelation while on Mount Sinai in the desert.

To Whom:
Genesis is written for the benefit of the Israelites, but the messages contained herein are timeless ... as the promises God made to the patriarchs are made known and the foundation is set for the revelation of God's love and the redemption of mankind through Jesus Christ.

Content:
God uses His Word to speak all of creation into being. This creation is perfect until man sins by listening to Satan instead of trusting God and obeying His plan. This sin of Adam and Eve results in spiritual death and eventually leads to filling the world with hate, violence and disobedience. Finally, sin prevails until God uses a flood to destroy mankind, except righteous Noah and his family. Even after this, sin sweeps the land, and the people build the huge tower of Babel in defiance of God. God never stops loving man, however, and the last 39 chapters of Genesis reveal how God -- through the family of Abraham -- directs history to establish the early stages in His plan to save the people and mend their fellowship with Him. The book closes with God's chosen people in Egypt.

Key Words:
"Beginning"; "Man"; "Covenant." Genesis accounts for the "beginning of the heavens and earth, plant and animal life, "man" and woman, sin and civilization, and God's work of redemption. God's eternal plan of salvation for mankind is revealed through the "covenant" He establishes with Abraham.

+ Genesis 1:27 + So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.
+ Genesis 12:2-3 + 2 I will make you (Abram) into a great nation and I will bless you; I will make your name great, and you will be a blessing. 3 I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse; and all peoples on earth will be blessed through you.

Themes:
+ God creates man in His own image for fellowship with Him. + Man is created with a body, a soul, a spirit and a free will to make decisions for or against God. + Though we sin, God will not give up on us or abandon us. + In spite of our failures, God loves us and sees our value and worth. + The Lord has a plan for every life ... and it includes salvation and total obedience to His Word. + God has the love and the power to protect and provide for us as we place our faith in him.

Outline:
1. The story of creation. 1:1-2:25
2. The beginning of sin and death. 3:1-5:32
3. The story of Noah. 6:1-10:32
4. The tower of Babel. 11:1-11:9
5. The life of Abraham. 11:10-25:18
6. The life of Isaac. 25:19-26:35
7. The life of Jacob. 27:1-36:43
8. The life of Joseph. 37:1-50:26

(<<) 02 - EXODUS

Author: Moses.

Date Written: Between 1450 and 1400 B.C.

Time Span: Approximately 431 years (the period of time from the arrival of Jacob in Egypt to the construction of the tabernacle in the desert).

Title. The word "exodus" means "exit" or "departure."

Background:
The second book of the Pentateuch, Exodus, is a continuation of the story in the book of Genesis. Only 70 descendants of Jacob journeyed to Egypt, but after increasing abundantly in number they became oppressed as slaves to Egyptian leaders who did not remember Joseph (Jacob's son). During the preceding 4 centuries the people have grown to a nation of some 3 million before their exodus from Egypt begins.

Where Written: The general belief is that Moses received this revelation while on Mount Sinai in the desert.

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
Exodus begins with the descendants of Jacob living in slavery to the Egyptians. Moses is called and directed by God to lead the Israelites out of this bondage. Israel is finally permitted to leave Egypt after God directs Moses to pronounce a series of plagues upon Egypt and the pharaoh. The Passover is instituted, emphasizing that blood redemption is always necessary (chapter 12), and the resulting covenant between God and the Israelites identifies them as God's chosen people. God then delivers Israel miraculously through the Red Sea. At Mount Sinai God gives the Ten Commandments, but later has to judge the people for their apostasy and worship of the golden calf (chapter 32). A few months after this, the tabernacle is constructed.

[ Note: Apostasy: Abandonment of one's religious faith, a party, one's principles, or a cause. ]

Key Words:
"Deliverance"; "Redemption"; "Commandments." The "deliverance" of the people of Israel from their oppression as slaves is just one of the many miraculous acts performed by God for the complete "redemption" of his chosen people. The Ten "Commandments" and other laws give the people the instruction needed to live as God desires.

-- Exodus 3:7,10 + 7 The LORD said, I have indeed seen the misery of my people in Egypt. I have heard them crying out because of their slave drivers, and I am concerned about their suffering. + 10 So now, go. I am sending you (Moses) to Pharaoh to bring my people the Israelites out of Egypt.
+ Exodus 20:3-17 + Deuteronomy 5:1-22 + (Ten Commandments)
(1) foreign gods, (2) images, (3) name of God, (4) Sabbath, (5) parents, (6) murder, (7) adultery, (8) theft, (9) false witness, (10) coveting.

Themes:
+ God's protection and provision are available to His children in times of need. + Obedience to the Word of God brings prosperity and blessings... disobedience brings failure and punishment. + Part of our covenant agreement with God is that we trust and obey Him in return for His deliverance and salvation. + God's promises can be depended upon totally and uncompromisingly.

Outline:
1. Israel's bondage and Moses' preparation. l:1-4:31
2. God's redemption of Israel from Egypt. 5:1-15:21
3. Israel's wilderness journey to Mount Sinai. 15:22-18:27
4. God's covenant and the Ten Commandments. 19:1-24:18
5. The tabernacle and related regulations. 25:1-31:18
b. Israel's apostasy. 32:1-32:35
7. Renewal of God's covenant. 33:1- 40:38

(<<) 03 - LEVITICUS

Author: Moses.

Date Written: Between 1450 and 1400 B.C.

Time Span: 1 month.

Title: The word "Leviticus" means "pertaining to the Levites:' ' The title is appropriate since the Israelite priests were Levites, and the ministry of these priests is discussed.

Background:
The third book of the Pentateuch, Leviticus, is a continuation of the story in the book of Exodus. The book begins with Israel having completed construction of the tabernacle. This handbook of instructions for the priests is given during Israel's one-year encampment at Mount Sinai.

Where Written: The general belief is that Moses received this revelation while on Mount Sinai in the desert.

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
Leviticus sets down regulations to preserve the spiritual, moral and physical purity of the people. Instructions are provided on how to live holy lives through sacrifice and worship. Also discussed are the 5 major offerings: 1) burnt offering, 2) grain offering, 3) fellowship offering, 4) sin offering and 5) guilt offering. Other concerns of Leviticus include: Aaron's role as priest; laws for the priesthood; cleanliness; the Day of Atonement; laws to regulate holiness in all of life; and the appointed feasts of the Lord.

Key Words:
"Sanctified"; "Holiness" The Levites and, more specifically, the priests are set aside for service or "sanctified" to live as examples of "holiness" before all the people in all that they do.

-- Leviticus 19:2
Speak to the entire assembly of Israel and say to them: ‘Be holy because I, the LORD your God, am holy.

Themes:
+ Sin is always detestable in God's sight. + God's plan is that all sin must be atoned for by the offering of sacrificial blood (as fulfilled in Christ's atonement). + God is totally holy, and He requires our holiness and dedication. + God is not the author of confusion, but of orderliness in worship. + We keep God's laws not to become acceptable to Him, but as an expression of our love for and trust in Him. + Faithfulness to God's Word allows His peace and presence to fill our lives.

Outline:
1. Laws concerning offerings. 1:1-7:38
2. Laws concerning the priesthood. 8:1-10:20
3. Laws concerning personal purity. 11:1-15:33
4. The Day of Atonement. 16:1-16:34
5. Laws for sanctification of the people. 17:1-20:27
6. Laws for sanctification of the priests. 21:1-22:33
7. Laws concerning the Sabbath and other appointed feasts. 23:1-25:55
8. Blessings versus curses set before the people. 26:1-26:46
9. Laws concerning vows. 27:1-27:34

(<<) 04 - NUMBERS

Author: Moses.

Date Written: Between 1450 and 1400B.C.

Time Span: About 39 years (the period of Israel's history from the second year after the exodus to just prior to the conquest of Canaan).

Title: The book of Numbers gets its name from the 2 censuses (numberings) of Israel.

Background:
The fourth book of the Pentateuch, Numbers, is a continuation of the story in the book of Leviticus. Approximately one month elapses from the time the tabernacle is constructed at the end of Exodus to the time of the census at the beginning of Numbers. During that month the instructions in the book of Leviticus are given.

Where Written: Mount Sinai and the desert, as Moses leads the people to the promised land.

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
Numbers is the story of nearly 40 years of wilderness wandering by the Israelites between the times of 2 separate censuses of the people. The first census is of the old generation, the generation that came up out of Egypt. It takes place at Mount Sinai in the second year of the exodus. The second census is of the new generation. It takes place on the plains of Moab, opposite Jericho, 38 years later just prior to the nation's entering of Canaan. Even though the old generation (with the exception of Joshua and Caleb) is not allowed to enter the promised land, God still provides for and sustains the people through these wanderings.

Key Words:
"Wanderings"; "Census.' The emphasis of Numbers is on the "wanderings" of the Israelites in the desert during the time between the "census" taken of the old generation of Israelites and later the "census" of the new generation.

-- Numbers 14:22-23
22 Not one of these people will ever enter that land. They have seen My glorious presence and the miraculous signs I performed both in Egypt and in the wilderness, but again and again they tested Me by refusing to listen. 23 They will never even see the land I swore to give their ancestors. None of those who have treated Me with contempt will enter it.

Themes:
+ Our discipline from God is sometimes stern, but He ultimately rewards those who are obedient to His Word. + Believers will never have to live in the desert ... but may have to walk through it. + Just as God's punishment of disobedience is sure ... so is God's pardon and restoration for repentance. + We can progress as children of God only as we allow Him to nurture our growth. + Murmuring and complaining are offensive to the God we serve (chapter 11).

Outline:
1. The first census of the Israelites is taken. 1:1-4:49
2. The old generation prepares to inherit the promised land. 5:1-10:10
3. The old generation fails to inherit the promised land. 10:11-21:35
4. Israel encounters the Moabites and Balaam. 22:1-25:18
5. The second census of the Israelites is taken. 26:1-26:65
6. The new generation prepares to inherit the promised land. 27:1-36:13

(<<) 05 - DEUTERONOMY

Author: Moses. (However, Joshua probably recorded Moses' death in chapter 34.)

Date Written: Between 1410 and 1395 B.C.

Time Span: 1-2 months.

Title: It is derived from the Greek word, Deuteronomion, which means "second law-giving."

Background:
The Pentateuch concludes with this fifth and final book of Moses. Deuteronomy begins at the end of Israel's 40-year period in the desert when the new generation is preparing to enter the promised land (Canaan).

Where Written: On the plains near the Jordan River in Moab (due east of Jericho).

To Whom: To the new generation of Israelites.

Content:
A number of years have passed since the law was given at Mount Sinai to the parents of these Israelites. But that generation has since died in the desert (except Caleb and Joshua), and this new generation needs to learn how to develop a proper relationship with God. Thus, 3 farewell sermons to Israel are given by the 120-yearold Moses just prior to his death, and the appointment of Joshua as Moses' successor takes place. These addresses challenge the people to live their future in faith and obedience as they review their past. Moral and legal regulations are expanded upon, and the Ten Commandments are repeated.

Key Words:
"Remember"; "Covenant"; "Obedience." Moses gives constant encouragement to the Israelites to "remember" their original "covenant" with the God of the patriarchs, who has freed them from Egyptian bondage and sustained them through the desert. The only proper response from such an undeserving people is "obedience" to God without reservation.

-- Deuteronomy 7:9
Therefore know that the LORD your God, He is God, the faithful God who keeps covenant and mercy for a thousand generations with those who love Him and keep His commandments.

Themes:
+ There is but One true God. + Obedience brings blessings... disobedience brings punishment. + Genuine love for God is evidenced by holy living and by love for others. + God's power and faithfulness can be depended on during our times of need. + We must teach our children to fear the Lord and keep His commandments (chapter 6).

Outline:
1. Moses' first sermon: Review of Israel's history. 1:1-4:43
2. Moses' second sermon: Review of the law. 4:44-11:32
Application of the law. 12:1-26:19
Blessings and curses. 27:1-28:68
3. Moses' third sermon: Renewal of Israel's covenant. 29:1-30:20
4. The appointment of Joshua as Moses' successor. 31:1-32:43
5. Moses' final words and death. 32:44-34:12

(<<) 06 - JOSHUA

Author: Joshua. However, some "elders who outlived him" (24:31) probably added portions to the book after his death.

Date Written: Between 1410 and 1350 B.C. Time Span: 15-26 years.

Title: From the book's chief character: Joshua.

Background:
Joshua is almost stoned to death by his own people (Numbers 14:6-10) nearly 40 years before the book of Joshua begins... because out of 12 spies to Canaan only he and Caleb determine to obey God's directions to conquer the land. Because of their unbelief to accept God's covenant, the children of Israel spend 40 years in the desert. But now Joshua, Moses' successor, is preparing to lead the Israelites from the desert in their conquest of the promised land.

Where Written: East of the Jordan River (the desert) before the conquest, and west of the Jordan River (Canaan) thereafter.

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
The book of Joshua is primarily the history of Joshua's leadership of Israel. Under divine guidance, Joshua engages in 3 strategic, military operations using brilliant divide-and-conquer tactics, insuring victory over the enemy armies in Canaan. God's miraculous interventions, including the crossing of the Jordan River and the conquest of Jericho, prove to Israel that God is aiding their efforts. The division of the promised land among the tribes of Israel and their subsequent settlement in the new land take place. Finally, Joshua exhorts the people before his death to renew their covenant and to devote themselves to serve and love God wholeheartedly.

Key Words:
"Choose"; "Serve." Joshua emphasizes that we must do both by his admonition to "choose for yourselves this day whom you will serve ... But as for me and my household, we will serve the LORD" (24:15).

+ Joshua 1:11
Pass through the camp and command the people, saying, ‘Prepare provisions for yourselves, for within three days you will cross over this Jordan, to go in to possess the land which the LORD your God is giving you to possess.’
+ Joshua 24:14-15
14 "Now fear the LORD and serve Him with all faithfulness. Throw away the gods your forefathers worshiped beyond the River and in Egypt, and serve the LORD. 15 But if serving the LORD seems undesirable to you, then choose for yourselves this day whom you will serve, whether the gods your forefathers served beyond the River, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land you are living. ++ But as for me and my household, we will serve the LORD."

Themes:
+ Our greatest asset is not our physical ability or cleverness... it is our faith in God's ability to overcome in our behalf. + Victory comes through faith in God and obedience to His Word. + Sin must be dealt with at once because it brings severe consequences. + God is always true to His promises. ;, + All things are possible ... if we have faith in Him who made all things. + It is our responsibility to be obedient and faithful to the covenant of God. + God punishes sinful nations as well as sinful individuals.

Outline:
1. Israel's preparation for the conquest of Canaan. 1:1-5:15
2. The conquest of Canaan. 6:1-12:24
3. The allotments of the land of Canaan by tribe. 13:1-21:45
4. Joshua's farewell and death. 22:1-24:33

(<<) 07 - JUDGES

Author: Unknown (possibly Samuel).

Date Written: Between 1043 and 1004 B.C.

Time Span: Approximately 350 years (period of time from the death of Joshua to the birth of Samuel).

Title:
The book derives its title from its content about the judges of Israel, who were leaders during tribal or national emergencies at a time when there was no central government. The Hebrew title for this book, Shopetim, means "ruling leaders" or "judges"

Background:
This book covers the period following the death of Joshua and the Israelites' initial conquest of Canaan. During this time the people, wavering between apostasy and repentance, are ruled by individual leaders called judges. The book of Judges records this era of disobedience and defeat.

Where Written: The promised land (Canaan).

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
Because they have not completed the conquest and occupation of the promised land, the Israelites begin to adopt the sinful ways of the surrounding nations. A tragic cycle develops: Israel falls into sin; God disciplines with foreign oppression; the people cry to God for His help; God raises up a deliverer (judge); peace is restored. This cycle of rebellion is repeated 7 times in the book, emphasizing God's love and forgiveness and the penalty for lack of faith and obedience. The stories of 3 significant judges are discussed in detail: Deborah (chapter 4); Gideon (chapters 6-8); and Samson (chapters 13-16).

Key Words:
"Apostasy"; "Judgment"; "Repentance"; "Mercy." The Israelites continually fail to learn their lesson. Their "apostasy" means they will have to pay the price of "judgment" from God. But when they finally show "repentance," God will then in His "mercy" raise up a judge to lead the people to restoration and rest.

-- Judges 17:6
In those days Israel had no king; everyone did as he saw fit.

Themes:
+ There is always a price to be paid for our sins. + The price for sin is destruction and death. + We all need proper leadership in our lives. (The most important leader and judge for each of us today is Jesus Christ.) + Without strong leaders we are more inclined to be influenced by damaging circumstances or deceptive people. + God in His mercy will deliver us when we repent wholeheartedly of our sins and obey Him. + Doing right in our own eyes is not necessarily doing right in God's eyes.

Outline:
1. Israel's failure to complete the conquest of Canaan. 1:1-3:6
2. The cycle of apostasy and deliverances. 3:7-16:31
3. Israel's fall into idolatry, immorality and civil war. 17:1-21:25

(<<) 08 - RUTH

Author: Unknown. (Tradition has suggested Samuel.)

Date Written: Uncertain. (However, the prevalent view ascribes a date between 1011 and 931 B.C.)

Time Span: 12 years (during the time of the judges).

Title: The book is named after its principal character: Ruth. Her biography is outlined in this short story.

Background:
The setting for the book of Ruth begins in the country of Moab, a region northeast of the Dead Sea, but then moves to Bethlehem. This true account takes place during the dismal days of failure and rebellion of the Israelites, called the period of judges.

Where Written: Unknown (probably in Judah).

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
A famine forces Elimelech and his wife Naomi from their Israelite home to the country of Moab. Elimelech dies and Naomi is left with her 2 sons, who soon marry 2 Moabite girls, Orpah and Ruth. Later both of the sons die, and Naomi is left alone with Orpah and Ruth in a strange land. Orpah returns to her parents, but Ruth determines to stay with Naomi as they journey to Bethlehem. This is a beautiful story of love, commitment and devotion as Ruth tells Naomi, "Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your people will be my people and your God my God." (1:16). Ruth eventually marries a wealthy man named Boaz, by whom she bears a son, Obed, who is the grandfather of David. Ruth's proven devotion has been rewarded with a new husband, a son and a privileged position in the royal lineage of Jesus Christ.

Key Words:
"Kinsman-redeemer"; "Ancestor." Boaz graphically fulfills the role of "kinsman-redeemer." As a relative, he willingly obtains the right to claim the land of Naomi and thus the right to marry Ruth, thereby fathering a son to keep the family line alive. This is only one of several relationships between "ancestors" in the story, which ends with the family tree listing Ruth and Boaz as the great-grandparents of King David.

-- Ruth 1:16
But Ruth replied (to Naomi), Don’t urge me to leave you or to turn back from you. Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your people will be my people and your God my God.

Themes:
+ Genuine love at times may require uncompromising sacrifice. + Regardless of our lot in life, we can live according to the precepts of God. + Genuine love and kindness will be rewarded. + God abundantly blesses those who seek to live obedient lives. + Obedient living does not allow for "accidents" in the eternal plan of God. + God extends mercy to the merciful.

Outline:
1. Ruth determines to stay with Naomi. 1:1-1:22
2. Ruth cares for Naomi and meets Boaz. 2:1-2:23
3. Naomi plans for Boaz to redeem Ruth. 3:1-3:18
4. Ruth is rewarded for her love. 4:1-4:22

(<<) 09 - 1 SAMUEL

Author: Unknown (possibly Samuel, with excerpts from the memoirs of Gad and Nathan).

Date Written: Probably between 1050 and 931 B.C. However, the book was not put into its final form until some years later, possibly between 930 and 722 B.C.

Time Span: About 94 years (period of time from the birth of Samuel to the death of Saul).

Title:
This book is named after Samuel, not only because he is the principal figure in the first part, but also because he anoints Saul and David, the chief characters in the latter portion of the book.

Background:
1 Samuel is a continuation of the story in the book of Judges. It begins late in the turbulent time of the judges, when Eli is the judge-priest and Israel is being oppressed by the Philistines. 1 and 2 Samuel consist of one book in the Hebrew Bible since they cover the continuous story of their 3 main characters: Samuel, Saul and David.

Where Written: Unknown (probably in Israel).

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
The Israelites are insisting on a king like the pagan nations have; they no longer want God's placement of a judge over them. 1 Samuel is the story of Israel's last judge and first prophet (Samuel), her first king (Saul), and the early years of her anointed king-elect (David). Saul lacks a heart for God, so God rejects him as king. Young David then enters the picture by slaying Goliath with a sling and a stone (chapter 17) and developing a strong friendship with Saul's son, Jonathan (chapter 18). God selects David to replace Saul as king, but David has to flee to the desert to escape Saul's raging jealousy. David lives in exile until Saul and his sons die in battle at Mount Gilboa. The stage is now set for the golden age with David reigning as king of Israel.

Key Words:
"Jealousy"; "Heart The book is full of "jealousy": Israel for a king like her neighbors, and Saul for his successor David. Thus, God looks at the "heart," and His selections are not always what are expected.

-- 1 Samuel 8:7,9
7 And the LORD told Samuel: Listen to all that the people are saying to you; it is not you they have rejected, but they have rejected Me as their king. + 9 Now listen to them; but warn them solemnly and let them know what the king who will reign over them will do.

Themes:
+ God is bigger than any problem we will ever have. + With God's help our emotions can be kept under His control. + Even God's children can fail and fall into sin. + Any life full of sin and defeat can have victory and accomplishment ... if repentance and obedience are begun. + Sin in our lives may encourage God to take away our blessings and give them to others. + Our ultimate leadership should be of God, not man. + Obedience is much more important to God than sacrifice (15:22). + We, like David, should be men after God's own heart (13:14).

Outline:
1. The service of Eli as priest and judge. 1:1-4:22
2. The ministry of Samuel, the last judge of Israel. 5:1-7:17
3. The ministry of Saul, the first king of Israel. 8:1-15:35
4. David and Saul. 16:1-27:12
5. The decline and death of Saul. 28:1-31:13

(<<) 10 - 2 SAMUEL

Author: Unknown (possibly Gad and Nathan).

Date Written: Probably between 1010 and 931 B.C. However, the book was not put into its final form until some years later, possibly between 930 and 722 B.C.

Time Span: About 40 years (during the reign of King David).

Title: Although Samuel is not living during the time this book takes place, it is named after him because he is the one who anointed David, the chief character of 2 Samuel.

Background:
2 Samuel is a sequel to the book of I Samuel. This narrative of the life of David continues with his being crowned king of Israel at the death of Saul. 2 Samuel covers the majority of David's 40-year reign in Hebron and Jerusalem. (Saul also reigned 40 years.) 1 and 2 Samuel consist of one book in the Hebrew Bible since they cover the continuous story of 3 main characters: Samuel, Saul and David.

Where Written: Unknown (probably in Israel).

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
The life of King David dominates the book of 2 Samuel. First, David rules over Judah for about 7 years. Then, his kingship is recognized by a unified Israel over which he reigns for 33 years. During this transition the capital is changed from Hebron to Jerusalem, where the ark of the covenant is located. David's military victories expand the borders of the promised land as his triumphs bring the nation to the very zenith of her power. David's triumphs quickly turn to tragedy in the middle of his reign, however, when his lust toward Bathsheba ultimately leads to adultery and the murder of her husband, Uriah (chapter 11). The prophet Nathan rebukes David for his sins, and David earnestly repents and is restored to God. But the price of sin still has to be paid: his son Absalom's revolt, civil war and unrest in the nation. Although the fame and glory of David has now diminished, never to be the same again, God still blesses ... for to David and Bathsheba is born Solomon, who will succeed David as king and become part of the royal ancestry of Jesus Christ.

Key Words:
"Anointed"; "David." The entire book revolves around the "anointed" life of "David." His victories and his failures are given in light of his position, which could only have been given to him by God.

-- 2 Samuel 5:12
And David knew that the LORD had established him as king over Israel and had exalted his kingdom for the sake of His people Israel.

Themes:
+ God can accomplish extraordinary things through the lives of ordinary people. + Our total trust should be only in God ... not in men. + Though forgiven, we still must pay the consequences of our sins. + God is ready to forgive us and use us, if only we will repent and place our faith in Him. + There is no sin so great that God will not forgive us if we sincerely forsake the sin and turn to Him. + Obedience brings victory... disobedience brings defeat. + As a ruler thrives, so thrives the nation ... as a ruler stumbles, so stumbles the nation.

Outline:
1. David's reign over Judah begins. 1:1-4:12
2. David's reign extends over Israel. 5:1-10:19
3. David sins. 11:1-11:27
4. Troubles result for David's house. 12:1-18:33
5. David is restored as king. 19:1-20:26
6. Commentary on David's latter years. 21:1-24-25

(<<) 11 - 1 KINGS

Author: Unknown (possibly Jeremiah).

Date Written: Between 640 and 550 B.C. (compiled from earlier sources).

Time Span: About 130 years (period of time from the rise of Solomon to the death of Ahab).

Title: This book is so named because it is a history of the kings who ruled Israel and Judah.

Background:
This sequel to 1 and 2 Samuel begins by tracing Solomon's rise to kingship after the death of David. The story begins in a united kingdom, but ends in a nation divided into 2 kingdoms, known as Judah and Israel. 1 and 2 Kings together consist of one book in the Hebrew Bible.

Where Written: Unknown (possibly in Judah and Egypt).

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
1 Kings describes Solomon's reign, wealth and wisdom. The golden age of Solomon is highlighted with construction of the temple. After his death there is division in the kingdom with his son Rehoboam ruling over Judah (southern kingdom) and Jeroboam ruling over Israel (northern kingdom). The capital of Judah at this time is Jerusalem, and the capital of Israel is Samaria. This divided situation continues for over 300 years with each nation having its own king. The book ends recounting the miracles and ministry of the prophet Elijah, especially in contrast to Israel's most wicked king, Ahab.

Key Words:
"Wisdom"; "Division." Solomon's rise is directly attributable to the fact that he seeks "wisdom" from God instead of fame or fortune. But unhealthy influences from foreign wives lead to his divided heart ... which, in turn, leads to "division" in the nation.

-- 1 Kings 9:4-5
4 As for you (Solomon), if you will follow Me with integrity and godliness, as David your father did, always obeying My commands and keeping My laws and regulations, 5 then I will establish the throne of your dynasty over Israel forever. For I made this promise to your father, David: ‘You will never fail to have a successor on the throne of Israel.’

Themes:
+ God uses history to set before us examples of successful and of defeated lives. + We must follow godly leadership and be godly leaders for others. + God is more concerned that we have wisdom and a heart for Him than in our personal accomplishments. + The consistent company we keep in family and friends can affect us positively or negatively.

Outline:
1. Reign of Solomon. 1:1-11:43
2. Divisions of Rehoboam and Jeroboam. 12:1-14:31
3. Reigns of Judah's kings. 15:1-15:24
4. Reigns of Israel's kings. 15:25-16:34
5. Elijah and Ahab. 17:1-22:53

(<<) 12 - 2 KINGS

Author: Unknown, possibly Jeremiah. (However, it has been suggested that chapter 25 was written by an exile after the Babylonian captivity.)

Date Written: Between 640 and 550 B.C. (compiled from earlier sources).

Time Span: About 293 years (period from the time of the prophet Elisha to the captivity of Judah).

Title: This book is so named because it is a history of the kings who ruled Israel and Judah.

Background:
2 Kings is a sequel to the book of 1 Kings. The 2 books form one book in the Hebrew Bible. 2 Kings continues the story of kings over the divided kingdom, leading to the final overthrow and deportation of both Israel and Judah's people.

Where Written: Unknown (possibly from Judah and Egypt).

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
2 Kings depicts the downfall of the divided kingdom. Prophets continue to warn the people that the judgment of God is at hand, but they will not repent. The kingdom of Israel is repeatedly ruled by wicked kings, and even though a few of Judah's kings are good, the majority are bad. These few good rulers, along with Elisha and other prophets, cannot stop the nation's decline. The northern kingdom of Israel is eventually destroyed by the Assyrians (chapter 17), and about 136 years later the southern kingdom of Judah is destroyed by the Babylonians (chapter 25). Though the people of God are in captivity, God stays true to His covenant, preserving a remnant for Himself.

Key Words:
"Appraisal"; "Captivity." The general idea of 2 Kings is to give an "appraisal" of each king, especially in his relationship to God and the covenant. The majority are appraised as evil in God's sight, which leads Israel and Judah into separate "captivity."

-- 2 Kings 17:13-14
13 The LORD warned Israel and Judah through all His prophets and seers: Turn from your evil ways. Observe My commands and decrees, in accordance with the entire Law that I commanded your fathers to obey and that I delivered to you through My servants the prophets. 14 But they would not listen and were as stiff-necked as their fathers, who did not trust in the LORD their God.

Themes:
+ God hates sin and He will not allow it to continue indefinitely. + God may at times use pagans to bring correction to His people. + God loves us so much that He sometimes has to discipline us. + God gives us warning before delivering His judgment. + We can have total confidence that God will never leave us or forsake us.

Outline:
1. Elijah's replacement by Elisha. 1:1- 8:15
2. Israel's decline and fall. 8:16-17:6
3. Israel's exile to Assyria because of sin. 17:7-17:41
4. Judah's survival. 18:1-23:30
5. Judah's exile to Babylon. 23:31-25:30

(<<) 13 - 1 CHRONICLES

Author: Unknown (possibly Ezra).

Date Written: Between 450 and 400 B.C. (compiled from earlier sources).

Time Span: Chapters 1-9 cover approximately 3,500 years from the creation of Adam to the birth of David. Chapters 10-29 cover 33-40 years describing the reign of David.

Title: The books of 1 and 2 Chronicles are so named because they "chronicle" the entire history of God's people from Genesis through Kings. The title used in the Hebrew Bible means "the accounts of the days."

Background:
The last book of the Hebrew Bible has been broken down into 1 and 2 Chronicles in modern translations. The Chronicles are different in perspective from the books of Samuel and Kings, even though they cover much of the same material. Instead of prophetic, moral and political views, the Chronicles are presented from a priest's point of view, evaluating the nation's religious history. Where Written: Unknown (possibly Jerusalem).

To Whom: To the remnant of Judah returning from Babylon.

Content:
There are 2 distinct sections of this book. First, the royal lineage from Adam to David is given. Then, the righteous reign of David is discussed. Chronicles evaluates David's achievements and his religious guidance of the nation as he seeks God's leadership. David's trials, sins and failures are de-emphasized in Chronicles since the covenant relationship between God and the people is the focus here. 1 Chronicles ends with the death of David and the succession of his son Solomon to the throne.

Key Words:
"Royal"; "Chosen." Chronicles recounts the "royal" line of David (which eventually leads to the absolute royalty of Jesus Christ). David is "chosen" by God to rule over Israel; and his son Solomon is "chosen" to rule after him and to build a House for the Lord (chapter 28).

-- 1 Chronicles 14:2
And David realized that the LORD had made him king over Israel and had made his kingdom very great for the sake of His people Israel.

Themes:
+ God will never forsake His people, His promises or His covenant. + We must fulfill our covenant with God to be totally obedient to His Word. + In order to do a great work for God ... we must first have a great heart for God. + God is always working in our lives ... even when we don't understand His ways or see His hand. + Even though people and nations sometimes fail ... God never fails. + We should appreciate our heritage and significance in God's eyes. God blesses obedience ... and punishes disobedience.

Outline:
1. Genealogies from Adam to David. 1:1-9:44
2. Anointing of David as king over Israel. 10:1-12:40
3. Bringing the ark of the covenant to Jerusalem. 13:1-17:27
4. Battle victories of David. 18:1-20:8
5. Census of Israel. 21:1-27:34
6. Plans for the temple. 28:1-29:9
7. Final words and deeds of David. 29:10-29:30

(<<) 14 - 2 CHRONICLES

Author: Unknown (possibly Ezra).

Date Written: Between 450 and 400 B.C. (compiled from earlier sources).

Time Span: 430-440 years (period of time from Solomon's reign through the Babylonian captivity).

Title: The books of 1 and 2 Chronicles are so named because they "chronicle" the entire history of God's people from Genesis through Kings. The title used in the Hebrew Bible means "the accounts of the days."

Backgroun:
The last book of the Hebrew Bible has been broken down into 1 and 2 Chronicles in modern translations. The Chronicles are different in perspective from the books of Samuel and Kings, even though they cover much of the same material. Instead of prophetic, moral and political views, they are presented from a priest's point of view, evaluating the nation's religious history. 2 Chronicles is a sequel to the book of 1 Chronicles.

Where Written: Unknown (possibly Judah).

To Whom: To the remnant of Judah returning from Babylon.

Content:
2 Chronicles records the history of the southern kingdom of Judah, from the reign of Solomon to the conclusion of the Babylonian exile. The decline of Judah is disappointing, but emphasis is given to the spiritual reformers who zealously seek to turn the people back to God. Little is said about the bad kings or of the failures of good kings; only goodness is stressed. Since Chronicles takes a priestly perspective, the northern kingdom of Israel is rarely mentioned because of her false worship and refusal to acknowledge the temple in Jerusalem. 2 Chronicles concludes with the final destruction of Jerusalem and the temple.

Key Words:
"Temple"; "Revival" The "temple" of God is repeatedly emphasized: its construction; dedication (chapter 7); service; worship; destruction; and, finally, Cyrus's edict to rebuild it. Great "revivals" take place under the direction of Asa, Jehoshaphat, Joash, Hezekiah and Josiah.

-- 2 Chronicles 7:14-15
14 If My people who are called by My name will humble themselves, and pray and seek My face, and turn from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin and heal their land. 15 Now My eyes will be open and My ears attentive to the prayers offered in this place.

Themes:
+ Obedience is victory... disobedience is defeat. + God desires to forgive and heal those who will humbly pray and repent. + A nation's leaders are a reflection of a nation's people. + No worthy project can be completed right without the help of Almighty God. + God hates sin and will not tolerate it. Our personal efforts are worthless if done outside the will of God.

Outline:
1. The reign of Solomon. 1:1-1:17
2. Solomon's building of the temple. 2 :1-7:22
3. Latter years of Solomon's reign. 8:1-9:31
4. The reigns of the kings of Judah. 10:1-36:14
5. The fall of Jerusalem. 36:15-36:23

(<<) 15 - EZRA

Author: Probably Ezra.

Date Written: Between 457 and 444 B.C.

Time Span: About 81 years.

Title: From one of the book's chief characters: Ezra.

Background:
Ezra continues from the exact place where 2 Chronicles ends: Cyrus, king of Persia, issues a decree which permits the Jews of his kingdom to return to Jerusalem after 70 years of captivity. The exodus of Israel from Egypt included some 3 million people, but fewer than 50,000 people take advantage of this "second exodus" of 900 miles from Babylon back to Jerusalem. At least parts of this period coincide in time with these historical figures: Gautama Buddha in India; Confucius in China; Socrates in Greece (followed by his pupil, Plato); and Pericles in Athens (erecting the Parthenon).

Where Written: Jerusalem.

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
After Cyrus's edict, Zerubbabel leads the first return of God's people to rebuild the ruins of Jerusalem and the temple that have been destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. The work is repeatedly hampered by shortages of resources and external opposition. These discouragements bring all work to a halt until God sends the prophets Haggai and Zechariah to encourage the people, who then enthusiastically rebuild the altar and the temple of God. Some years later, Ezra leads a return of priests from captivity to Jerusalem. Ezra's effective ministry includes: teaching the Word of God, initiating reforms, restoring worship and leading spiritual revival in Jerusalem.

Key Words:
"Return"; "Rededicate." From bondage, God's people are now ready to "return" to their land, their worship and their God. They have to "rededicate" themselves to rebuilding all they have lost: the altar, the temple, and their faith in God and His Word.

-- Ezra 6:21-22
21 The Passover meal was eaten by the people of Israel who had returned from exile and by the others in the land who had turned from their immoral customs to worship the LORD, the God of Israel. 22 They ate the Passover meal and celebrated the Festival of Unleavened Bread for seven days. There was great joy throughout the land because the LORD had changed the attitude of the king of Assyria toward them, so that he helped them to rebuild the Temple of God, the God of Israel.

Themes:
+ God sovereignly looks over and protects His children. + God always keeps His promises. + When God's people receive punishment for sin, it shows that pure love includes correction. + In return for God's enduring love, we ought to obey His Word. + No problem is too big to stop a plan made in the will of God. + Our goals should be worthy in God's eyes as well as our own. + Our sorrows of yesterday can be our successes of today.

Outline:
1. The exiles return to Jerusalem. 1:1-2:70
2. The temple of God is rebuilt. 3:1-6:22
3. Ezra comes to Jerusalem and reforms the people. 7:1-10:44

(<<) 16 - NEHEMIAH

Author: Probably Nehemiah. (However, some scholars suggest that Ezra may have written parts of the book while using Nehemiah's memoirs to record the rest.)

Date Written: Between 445 and 420 B.C.

Time Span: 19 -25 years.

Title: From the book's chief character: Nehemiah.

Background:
Some 12 years after the book of Ezra ends with Ezra's reforms in Jerusalem, the book of Nehemiah begins with Nehemiah receiving word that Jerusalem is again in shambles both physically and spiritually. This breaks Nehemiah's heart, and he weeps for many days. Nehemiah is the cupbearer for Artaxerxes, the king of Persia, and is granted permission to return to Jerusalem on a mission of restoration.

Where Written: Probably Jerusalem.

To Whom: To the Israelites

Content:
Nehemiah is given permission by the king of Persia to return to Jerusalem, where he rebuilds the walls of the city and is made governor. The people, inspired by Nehemiah, give tithes of much money, supplies and manpower to complete the wall in a remarkable 52 days -- despite much opposition. This united effort is short. lived, however, because Jerusalem falls back into apostasy when Nehemiah leaves for a while. But he then returns to reestablish true worship through prayer and by encouraging the people to revival by reading and adhering to the Word of God.

Key Words:
"Goal"; "Rebuild." We all need goals -- goals that reflect vision, goals that really matter, goals that include God. Nehemiah's "goal" is to "rebuild" the walls of Jerusalem. Nothing less than total comple. tion will be satisfactory.

-- Nehemiah 6:15-16
15 So the wall was finished on the twenty-fifth day of Elul, in fifty-two days. 16 When all our enemies heard about this, all the surrounding nations were afraid and lost their self-confidence, because they realized that this work had been done with the help of our God.
(Note: Elul: The 6th month of the Hebrew year, corresponding to August-September. The derivation is uncertain.)

Themes:
+ Each of us ought to have genuine compassion for others who have spiritual or physical hurts. + To feel compassion, yet do nothing to help, is unfounded Biblically. + At times we may have to give up our own comfort in order to minister properly to others. + We must totally believe in a cause before we will give our time or money to it with a right heart. + When we allow God to minister through us, even unbelievers will know it is God's work.

Outline:
1. Nehemiah rebuilds Jerusalem's walls. 1:1-6:19
2. Ezra ministers the law to the people. 7:1-10:39
3. Laws and reforms are obeyed. 11:1-13:31

(<<) 17 - ESTHER

Author: Unknown.

Date Written: Between 485 and 435 B.C.

Time Span: About 10 years.

Title: From the book's chief character: Esther.

Background:
The story of Esther takes place during that period of time between the separate returns to Jerusalem led by Zerubbabel and Ezra (between chapters 6 and 7 of the book of Ezra). After 70 years of captivity, about 50,000 Israelites return to their homeland of Jerusalem, but the vast majority determine to remain in Media-Persia. Esther's story takes place against this background while in the king's palace in Susa, the Persian capital. Ruth and Esther are the only books of the Bible named after women. Esther is a Jewish woman who marries a Gentile; Ruth, a Gentile woman who marries a Jew.

Where Written: Unknown (probably Media-Persia).

To Whom: To the Jews who remain in Media-Persia instead of returning to Jerusalem.

Content:
Esther, whose Jewish heritage has been kept secret, is chosen queen to King Xerxes after Vashti is demoted from the same position. Haman, an evil adviser to the king, plans to exterminate the Jewish people (chapter 3). But Esther has the faith and courage to carry out the plan of her wise cousin, Mordecai, and risks her very life, which results in the deliverance of the Jewish people. The Feast of Purim is instituted to remind the people of God's deliverance (chapter 9). Even to this day there is public reading of the book of Esther during this celebration.

Key Words:
"Beauty"; "Providence." God has blessed Esther with much outward physical "beauty," but it is the "beauty" of her heart that sets her apart for the "providence" of God to be shown. It is not by chance that this Jewish girl rises from total obscurity to become the queen of the most powerful empire of the world. The name of God does not appear once in the book of Esther, but God's providential care and leading are not to be denied.

-- Esther 4:14
(Mordecai to Esther) For if you remain silent at this time, relief and deliverance for the Jews will arise from another place, but you and your father’s family will perish. And who knows but that you have come to royal position for such a time as this?

Themes:
+ God may have bigger plans for our lives than we have for ourselves. + God may put us into positions of leadership or influence so we can more thoroughly accomplish His purposes. + God answers prayer and fasting by enabling us to overcome our human obstacles. + God providentially provides for His own. + God uses ordinary people to accomplish extraordinary things for Him. + God at times may have to discipline us ... but He will never abandon us.

Outline:
1. Esther becomes queen. 1.1-2:18
2. Haman plots to destroy the Jews. 2:19-5:14
3. Mordecai is honored at Haman's expense. 6:1-8:2
4. The Jews triumph. 8:3-10:3

(<<) 18 - JOB

Author: Unknown. (However, suggestions include Job, Elihu, Moses and Solomon.)

Date Written: Scholars place the date of the authorship of Job anywhere from the time of Abraham to the time the Jews return from their Babylonian exile.

Time Span: Not specified.

Title: From the book's chief character: Job.

Background:
As the book of Job begins, Job is one of the wealthiest and most prosperous men on the face of the earth. He fears God and lives an upright life during the ancient patriarchal period in the land of Uz (region of northern Arabia).

Where Written: Unknown (possibly the Palestinian area).

To Whom: To no specific people.

Content:
Why do the righteous suffer? This is the question raised after Job loses his family, his wealth and his health. Job's 3 friends -- Eliphaz, Bildad and Zopharcome to comfort him and to discuss his crushing series of tragedies. They insist his suffering is punishment for sin in his life. Job, though, remains devoted to God through all of this and contends that his life has not been one of sin. A fourth man, Elihu, tells Job he needs to humble himself and submit to God's use of trials to purify his life. Finally, Job questions God himself and learns valuable lessons about the sovereignty of God and his need to totally trust in the Lord. Job is then restored to health, happiness and prosperity... even beyond his earlier state.

Key Words:
"Trouble"; "Suffering"; "Comfort:" To live a life of faith requires perseverance. Despite torment and "trouble " Job was steadfast in his belief in God, for as he told his wife, "Shall we accept good from God, and not trouble?" (2:10). Christians today are not exempt from broken hearts or "suffering," but through it all we, like Job, can rest in the fact that God is fair, omnipotent, Omniscient and sovereign. He will "comfort" us if we will turn to Him.

-- Jobs 2:3
Then the LORD said to Satan, Have you considered my servant Job? There is no one on earth like him; he is blameless and upright, a man who fears God and shuns evil. And he still maintains his integrity, though you incited Me against him to ruin him without any reason.

Themes:
+ Satan cannot bring financial and physical destruction upon us unless it is God's permissive will, and God will set the limits. + It is beyond our human ability to understand the "why's" behind all the suffering in the world. + Rest assured ... the wicked will receive their just dues. + We cannot blame all suffering on the sin in a sufferer's life. + Suffering may sometimes be allowed in our lives to purify, to test, to teach or to strengthen the soul by showing us that when we have lost all, and only God remains ... God remains enough. + God deserves and requests our love and praise regardless of our lot in life. + God will deliver all suffering believers either in this life or in that which is to come.

Outline:
1. Job's background and assaults from Satan. 1:1-2:13
2. Job's debates with his 3 friends. 3:1-31:40
3. Elihu's speaking out for God's fairness. 32:1-37:24
4. God's intervention. 38:1- 41:34
5. Job's restoration. 42:1-42:17

(<<) 19 - PSALMS

Author:
Primarily David (73), but also at least 7 other writers: Moses (1), Solomon (2), Asaph (12), Ethan (1), Heman (1) and the sons of Korah (9). Some of the psalms are anonymous (51).

Date Written: Between 1450 and 430 B.C. (Due to the numerous authors, the time span is great. However, the majority were written about 1000 B.C.)

Time Span: About 1,000 years (the period from the time of Moses to the return of the Israelites from Babylonian exile).

Title:
The word "psalms" means "praises," a term that reflects much of the book's content. "Psalm" comes from a Greek word which means "a song sung to the accompaniment of a plucked instrument." The Hebrew title of this book means "Praise Songs."

Background:
Psalms is the longest book in the Bible and includes the longest chapter in the Bible (119). The book of Psalms is made up of 150 poems composed to be set to music.

Where Written: Numerous areas due to the numerous authors.

To Whom: To the Israelites.

Content:
The book of Psalms is used as the temple hymnbook during the kingdom period for both public and private worship. The 5 divisions or books of Psalms correspond in order and in thought to the 5 books of Moses. By virtue of several authors contributing to this collection over an extended period of time, the psalms cover almost every area of human experience and emotion: fear vs. confidence; anger vs. compassion; sorrow vs. joy; and prayer and praises for the psalmist's majestic God. David writes the majority of his psalms while fleeing from Saul and his army. Several psalms refer to the Messiah of God, Jesus Christ: His coming, His death and His resurrection.

Christ in the Psalms
Both the Jewish and Christian faiths have long believed that many Psalms referred as much to the promised Messiah as they did to events at the time. Because the Messiah was to be a descendant of David, it was expected that many of the royal Psalms would apply to Him. Christians noted how many of the passages seemed to describe in detail events from Christ's life and death. Jesus Himself frequently quoted from Psalms. Almost everything that happened at the Crucifixion and most of Jesus' words during His final hours were prophesied in Psalms.

The following is a list of the main references in Psalms pertaining to Christ:
Reference in Psalms ... Reference to Christ ... Fulfillment in the New Testament:
+ Ps 2:7 ... The Messiah Will be God's Son ... Heb 1:5,6
+ Ps 16:8-10 ... He will rise from the dead ... Lk 24:5-7
+ Ps 22:1-21 ... He will experience agony on the cross ... Mt 26,27
+ Ps 22:18 ... Evil men cast lots for His clothing ... Mt 27:35; Jn 19:23,24
+ Ps 22:15 ... He thirsts while on the cross ... Jn 19:28
+ Ps 22:22 ... He will declare God's name ... Heb 2:12
+ Ps 34:20 ... His bones would not be broken ... Jn 19:36,37
+ Ps 40:6-8 ... He came to do God's will ... Heb 10:5-7
+ Ps 41:9 ... His close friend would betray Him ... Lk 22:48
+ Ps 45:6,7 ... His throne will last forever ... Heb 1:8,9
+ Ps 68:18 ... He ascended into heaven ... Ep 4:8-10
+ Ps 69:9 ... He is zealous for God ... Jn 2:17
+ Ps 69:21 ... He was offered vinegar for His thirst on the cross ... Mt 27:48
+ Ps 89:3,4,35,36 ... He will be a descendant of David ... Lk 1:31-33
+ Ps 96:13 ... He will return to judge the world ... 1Th 1:10
+ Ps 110:1 ... He is David's son and David's LORD ... Mt 22:44
+ Ps 110:4 ... He is the eternal priest-king ... Heb 6:20
+ Ps 118:22 ... He is rejected by many but accepted by God ... 1Pe 2:7,8

Reasons to Read Psalms
When you want...
+ to Find comfort Ps 23
+ to Meet God intimately Ps 103
+ to Learn a new prayer Ps 136
+ to Learn a new song Ps 92
+ to Learn more about God Ps 24
+ to Understand yourself more clearly Ps 8
+ to Know how to come to God each day Ps 5
+ to be Forgiven for your sins Ps 51
+ to Feel worthwhile Ps 139
+ to Understand why you should read the Bible Ps 119
+ to Give praise to God Ps 145
+ to Know that God is in control Ps 146
+ to Give thanks to God Ps 136
+ to Please God Ps 15
+ to Know why you should worship God Ps 104

Key Words:
"Praise"; "Trust. " These 150 psalms abound in "praise" to God for all that He is, all that He has done and all that He will do. God's people are continually commended to "trust" God for His protection, love and deliverance.

+ Psalm 23 + 1 The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. 2 He makes me to lie down in green pastures; He leads me beside the still waters. 3 He restores my soul; He leads me in the paths of righteousness For His name’s sake. 4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; For You are with me; Your rod and Your staff, they comfort me. 5 You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies; You anoint my head with oil; My cup runs over. 6 Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me All the days of my life; And I will dwell in the house of the LORD Forever.
+ Psalms 119:11, 105 + 11 I have hidden your word in my heart that I might not sin against you.
+ 105 Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path.
+ Psalms 150:6 + Let everything that has breath praise the LORD. Praise the LORD.

Themes:
+ Sin is always rebellion against God. + Sin will always be punished. + A life of consecrated righteousness hates sin. + God loves each of us and is concerned for every area of our lives. + We can approach God just as we are, with all our concerns. + A life of praise is a life of victory. + God can be trusted during our times of sorrow as well as our times of joy.

Outline:
1. Book One: Psalms. 1- 41
2. Book Two: Psalms. 42- 72
3. Book Three: Psalms. 73 - 89
4. Book Four: Psalms. 90 -106
5. Book Five: Psalms. 107-150

+ 1. The first book comprises the first 41 psalms, all of which are ascribed to David except 1, 2, 10, and 33 which, though anonymous, may also be ascribed to him.
+ 2. Book second consists of the next 31 psalms (42-72) 18 of which are ascribed to David and 1 to Solomon (the 72nd). The rest are anonymous.
+ 3. The third book contains 17 psalms (73-89) of which the 86th is ascribed to David, the 88th to Heman the Ezrahite, and the 89th to Ethan the Ezrahite.
+ 4. The fourth book also contains 17 psalms (90-106) of which the 90th is ascribed to Moses, and the 101 and 103 to David.
+ 5. The fifth book contains the remaining psalms, 44 in number. Of these, 15 are ascribed to David, and the 127 to Solomon. Ps 136 is generally called "the great hallel." But the Talmud includes also Ps 120-135. Ps 113-118 inclusive, constitute the "hallel" recited at the three great feasts, at the new moon, and on the eight days of the feast of dedication.

(<<) 20 - PROVERBS

Author: Principally King Solomon, but Agur (1), King Lemuel (1), the men of King Hezekiah (5) also made contributions.

Date Written: Between 1000 and 700 B.C. However, the majority of the proverbs were written by Solomon by 931 B.C. (The book was not edited into its present-day form until some years later.)

Time Span: Unknown, but primarily during the years of Solomon's life.

Title: The Hebrew title of this book means "Proverbs of Solomon."

Background:
Solomon succeeds his father David to rule as king of Israel. After asking God for wisdom, Solomon is so blessed that people come from far away to learn from him. This collection of wise sayings is a part of these teachings. The book of Proverbs is a collection of roughly one-fourth of the 3,000 proverbs and 1,005 songs attributed to Solomon.

Where Written: Probably Judah.

To Whom: Primarily to young people.

Content:
Proverbs is an assortment of wise sayings relating spiritual truths and common sense. These proverbs give instruction concerning every conceivable area of human life, often contrasting the ungodly view of the fool versus the godly perspective of the wise. These truths give counsel which helps both to prevent and to correct ungodly lifestyles. Proverbs are practical, timeless and ideal for memorizing. The book ends with a close look at the qualities of a godly woman in relation to her husband, her children and her neighbors (chapter 31).

Key Words:
"Wisdom"; "Folly." The ability to live with practical righteousness is scrutinized. This "wisdom" helps us to discern between good and evil, truth and error, and divine and human perspectives. + "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom" (9:10), but "Folly is loud... undisciplined and without knowledge" (9:13). + "Train up a child in the way he should go, And when he is old(er) he will not depart from it." (22:6).

-- Proverbs 1:7 + The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge, But fools despise wisdom and instruction.
-- Proverbs 3:5; 4:23
+ 3:5 Trust in the LORD with all your heart, And lean not on your own understanding;
+ 4:23 Above all else, guard your heart, For it is the wellspring of life.

Themes:
+ True wisdom cannot be gained apart from God. + God is concerned that we submit even seemingly insignificant areas of our lives to his lordship. + We should not rely on our own understanding, but on the truths that God teaches us. + God will direct our paths. + Godly success in life comes from obedience to the Word and ways of God. + God desires for us to be happy. + God has made happiness available to us if we will only fear, trust and obey Him.

Outline:
1. Purpose and theme of Proverbs. 1:1-1:6
2. Wisdom and folly contrasted. 1:7-9:18
3. Proverbs of Solomon. 10:1-24:34
4. Proverbs of Solomon collected by King Hezekiah's men. 25:1-29:27
5. Sayings of Agur. 30:1-30:33
6. Sayings of King Lemuel. 31:1-31:31

Popular Proverbs:
+ (6:16-19) - "There are six things the LORD hates, seven that are detestable to Him: ...."
+ (9:8) - "Do not rebuke a mocker or he will hate you; rebuke a wise man and he will love you."
++ (9:10) - "The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom, and knowledge of the Holy One is understanding."
+ (10:12) - "Hatred stirs up dissension, but love covers over all wrongs."
+ (10:19) - "When words are many, sin is not absent, but he who holds his tongue is wise."
+ (11:13-14) - "13 A gossip betrays a confidence, but a trustworthy man keeps a secret. 14 For lack of guidance a nation falls, but many advisers make victory sure."
+ (13:10) - "Pride only breeds quarrels, but wisdom is found in those who take advice."
+ (15:1) - "A gentle answer turns away wrath, but a harsh word stirs up anger."
+ (15:4) - "The tongue that brings healing is a tree of life, but a deceitful tongue crushes the spirit."
+ (15:16-18) - "16 Better a little with the fear of the LORD than great wealth with turmoil.
+ 17 Better a meal of vegetables where there is love than a fattened calf with hatred.
+ 18 A hot-tempered man stirs up dissension, but a patient man calms a quarrel."
+ (15:22) - "Plans fail for lack of counsel, but with many advisers they succeed."
++ (16:3) - "Commit to the LORD whatever you do, and your plans will succeed."
+ (16:7-9) - "7 When a man’s ways are pleasing to the LORD, He makes even his enemies live at peace with him.
+ 8 Better a little with righteousness than much gain with injustice.
+ 9 In his heart a man plans his course, but the LORD determines his steps."
+ (16:23-24) - "23 A wise man’s heart guides his mouth, and his lips promote instruction.
+ 24 Pleasant words are a honeycomb, sweet to the soul and healing to the bones."
+ (16:28) - "A perverse man stirs up dissension, and a gossip separates close friends."
+ (16:31-32) - "31 Gray hair is a crown of glory; if it is gained in a righteous life.
+ 32 Better to be patient (slow to anger) than powerful; better to have self-control (of temper) than to conquer a city."
+ (17:1) - "Better a bite of dry bread eaten in peace than a family feast filled with strife."
+ (17:3) - "Fire tests the purity of silver and gold, but the LORD tests the heart."
+ (17:6) - "Grandchildren are the crown of the aged, and the glory of children is their parents."
+ (17:13-14) - "13 If you repay good with evil, evil will never leave your house.
+ 14 Starting a quarrel is like opening a floodgate, so stop before the argument gets out of control."
+ (17:22) - "A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones."
+ (17:28) - "Even a fool is thought wise if he keeps silent, and discerning if he holds his tongue."
+ (20:19) - "A gossip betrays a confidence; so avoid a man who talks too much."
+ (20:22) - "Do not say, "I’ll pay you back for this wrong!" Wait for the LORD, and He will deliver (save, help) you."
+ (21:2) - "All a man’s ways seem right to him, but the LORD weighs the heart."
+ (21:23) - "He who guards his mouth and his tongue keeps himself from troubles."
+ (21:30-31) - "30 No human wisdom or understanding or plan can stand against the LORD.
+ 31 The horse is prepared for the day of battle, but the victory belongs to the LORD."
+ (22:2) - "Rich and poor have this in common: The LORD is the Maker of them all."
++ (22:6) - "Train a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn from it."
+ (22:9) - "He who has a generous eye will be blessed, For he gives of his bread to the poor."
+ (23:17) - "Do not let your heart envy sinners, but always be zealous for the fear of the LORD."
+ (25:21-22) - "21 If your enemy is hungry, give him food to eat; if he is thirsty, give him water to drink. 22 In doing this, you will heap burning coals on his head, and the LORD will reward you."
+ (26:17) - "Like grabbing a dog by the ears, so is a bystander who gets involved in someone else’s quarrel."
+ (29:17) - "Discipline (correct) your children, and they will give you peace of mind and will make your heart glad."
++ (30:5-6) - "5 Every word of God is flawless; He is a shield to those who take refuge in Him.
+ 6 Do not add to His Words, or He will rebuke you and prove you a liar."
++ (31:10, 30) - "10 A wife of noble character who can find? She is worth far more than rubies.
++ 30 Charm is deceptive, and beauty is fleeting; but a woman who fears the LORD is to be praised."

(<<) 21 - ECCLESIASTES

Author: Probably Solomon.

Date Written: Between 940 and 935 B.C.

Time Span: Unknown (probably during the latter years of Solomon's reign).

Title: This title from the Greek means "teacher."

Background:
Though the author has a life full of pleasures, wealth, power and presdge...he still seeks happiness. The majority of Ecclesiastes is probably written as Solomon analyzes past failures and apostasy in his life.

Where Written: Jerusalem.

To Whom: Primarily to young people.

Content:
The book of Ecclesiastes begins with the author sharing his reasons for viewing life as meaningless and futile. His thoughts contend that despite man's labor, attainments, popularity or possessiOris ... death awaits all. He realizes that there is a time and a season for all things (chapter 3), but does not know how man can fully understand when these times are relevant. This confession of pessimism eventually gives way to the truth that there is no joy for man apart from his Creator. The author realizes and enthusiastically proclaims the answer: satisfaction, meaning and happiness do not come from the attainments of life ... but from the Lord of life.

Key Words:
"Meaningless"; "Labor." Without God, there is no sense to be made out of our lives. All is empty, hopeless and "meaningless:' " Our earthly "labor" will continually frustrate and disappoint us if we seek it as an end to itself.

+ Ecclesiastes 5:1-3
+ 1 Guard your steps when you go to the house of God. Go near to listen rather than to offer the sacrifice of fools, who do not know that they do wrong. 2 Do not be quick with your mouth, do not be hasty in your heart to utter anything before God. God is in heaven and you are on earth, so let your words be few. 3 As a dream comes when there are many cares, so the speech of a fool when there are many words.
+ Ecclesiastes 7:2, 7-8, 14, 20 +
+ 2 Better to go to the house of mourning Than to go to the house of feasting, For that is the end of all men; And the living will take it to heart.
+ 7 Surely oppression makes the wise foolish; And a bribe corrupts the heart.
+ 8 The end of a thing is better than its beginning; The patient in spirit is better than the proud in spirit.
+ 14 When times are good, be happy. But when times are bad, consider this: God has made the one time as well as the other so that mortals cannot predict their future.
+ 7:20 Surely there is no one on earth so righteous as to do good without ever sinning.
+ Ecclesiastes 8:11-13
+ 11 When the sentence for a crime is not quickly carried out, the hearts of the people are filled with schemes to do wrong. 12 Although a wicked man commits a hundred crimes and still lives a long time, I know that it will go better with God-fearing men, who are reverent before God. 13 Yet because the wicked do not fear God, it will not go well with them, and their days will not lengthen like a shadow.
+ Ecclesiastes 11:9-10
+ 9 Be happy, young man, while you are young, and let your heart give you joy in the days of your youth. Follow the ways of your heart and whatever your eyes see, but know that for all these things God will bring you to judgment. 10 So then, banish anxiety from your heart and cast off the troubles of your body, for youth and vigor are meaningless.
+ Ecclesiastes 12:1-2, 6-7, 13-14
+ 1 Remember your Creator in the days of your youth, before the days of trouble come and the years approach when you will say, "I find no pleasure in them" -- 2 before the sun and the light and the moon and the stars grow dark, and the clouds return after the rain; ...
+ 6 Remember your Creator before the silver cord is snapped, the golden bowl is broken, the pitcher is smashed near the spring, and the water wheel is broken at the cistern. 7 And the dust returns to the ground it came from, and the spirit returns to God who gave it.
++ 12:13 The end of the matter; all has been heard. Fear God, and keep His commandments; for that is the whole duty of everyone.
+ 14 For God will bring every deed into judgment, including every secret thing, whether good or evil.

Themes:
+ Earthly goals apart from God will not bring us happiness. + Money will not bring us happiness. + Fame will not bring us happiness. + Power will not bring us happiness. + Accomplishments will not bring us happiness. + Human wisdom will not bring us happiness. ++ A life that is totally submissive and devoted to God will bring (spiritual) happiness. + A youthful life obedient to God will bring joy to our latter years ... a youthful life disobedient to God will bring sorrow to our latter years. + We ought to enjoy life even though at times we will have troubles... The closer we walk with God, the more aware we become of His blessings in our lives. + Today could be our last on this earth ... we should view it as a precious gift from God.

Outline:
1. Everything is meaningless. 1:1-2:26
2. A time for everything. 3:1-3:22
3. Disappointments and inequalities of life. 4:1-8:17
4. A common destiny for all. 9:1-12:8
5. Conclusion: Fear God and keep His commandments. 12:9-12:14

(<<) 22 - SONG OF SONGS

Author: Probably Solomon.

Date Written: Between 965 and 960 B.C. Time Span: About 1 year.

Title: This book's title, "Song of Songs," means "the supreme song." This book is also called the "Song of Solomon" because it is a love song about Solomon and his bride.

Background:
The setting of the book is probably early in Solomon's reign. Most of the story takes place in the palace at Jerusalem or in the surrounding country leading to the bride's home. The Song of Songs more explicitly deals with the topics of sex and marriage than any other book in the Bible. While there are many interpretations of this story, many view it as allegorically portraying God's love for Israel and/or Christ's love for his church.

Where Written: Jerusalem.

To Whom: To the bride.

Content:
The Song of Songs is a celebration of love between a man (Solomon) and a woman (the Shulammite shepherd girl). This collection of poems, in the form of songs, portrays the deep and pure love of two who are now looking back over memories of their relationship. The poor Shulammite girl had worked in the country in a vineyard owned by King Solomon. Upon visiting the vineyard, Solomon and the Shulammite fell in love, and he took her to his palace in Jerusalem to be his wife. The lyrics following cover almost every area of their mutual feelings: admiration for each other's physical attributes, their marriage, sexuality, desires and joys. The problems of separation and jealousy arise but are quickly resolved by emphasizing their original true love.

Key Words:
"Love"; "Marriage." The Song of Songs beautifully portrays the qualities of a pure "love" and ingredients for a successful "marriage. " To develop this kind of a relationship requires total honesty, unselfishness and unconditional support.

-- Song of Songs 6:3
I am my beloved’s and my beloved is mine; he pastures his flock among the lilies.

Themes:
+ Sex and marriage are ordained by God and are good in His sight when combined. + God's love for Israel (and Christ's love for the church, His bride) is much greater than any human love. + Although a person may be poverty-stricken financially, he can be rich spiritually by loving God and knowing that God unconditionally loves him. + An ideal marriage will be tender and affectionate, yet strong during times of trial.

Outline:
1. Solomon and the Shulamite girl fall in love. 1:1-3:5
2. The two are united in marriage. 3:6,5:1
3. The bride and groom face painful struggles. 5:2-7:9a
4. The bride and groom reunite and grow in their love. 7:9b-8:14

(<<) 23 - ISAIAH

Author: Isaiah.

Date Written: Between 745 and 680 B.C.

Time Span: Isaiah's prophetic ministry lasts about 60 years during the reigns of 4 kings of Judah: Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah.

Title: This book is named after its author: the prophet Isaiah.

Background:
The well-educated, politically astute Isaiah lives in Jerusalem, the capital of Judah. Isaiah has messages for all of Israel, but his ministry is primarily directed to Judah. Hosea and Micah are prophesying God's word at this same time. Tradition has it that Isaiah is sawn into pieces during the reign of evil Manasseh. The book of Isaiah begins the prophetical section of the Old Testament.

Where Written: Probably Jerusalem.

To Whom: Primarily to the nation of Judah, but also to all the surrounding nations.

Content:
While Judah is spiritually destitute, Israel is even more corrupt. After Isaiah prophesies the destruction of Israel by Assyria, which indeed takes place shortly thereafter, he turns his attention to Judah. His message to Judah and the surrounding nations is that the judgment of God will come upon them also. If they do not turn from their evil ways, they will be led into captivity by the Babylonians. All is not gloom, however, as Isaiah assures the people: those in captivity will be allowed to return to Jerusalem under Cyrus's edict; a "suffering Servant" will be born as the virgin child of God to be the Messiah and bring salvation to the world; and the restoration of Jerusalem will take place and bring abundant blessings to the new Zion. Isaiah's prophecies concerning Jesus Christ are crystal clear, thorough and probably more detailed than in any other Old Testament book.

Key Words:
"Judgment"; "Salvation, " Isaiah's 66 chapters can be likened to a miniature Bible. The first 39 chapters correspond to the 39 books of the Old Testament by emphasizing God's "judgment" upon those who refuse to repent and turn to Him in faith. The final 27 chapters parallel the 27 books of the New Testament by focusing on the Messiah, who is our "salvation."

-- Isaiah 53:5
But He was wounded and crushed for our sins. He was beaten that we might have peace. He was whipped, and we were healed!
+ Isaiah 55:6-11
+ 6 Seek the LORD while He may be found, call upon Him while He is near; 7 let the wicked forsake their way, and the unrighteous their thoughts; let them return to the LORD, that He may have mercy on them, and to our God, for He will abundantly pardon.
+ 8 For My thoughts are not your thoughts, nor are your ways My ways, says the LORD. 9 For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are My ways higher than your ways and My thoughts than your thoughts. 10 For as the rain and the snow come down from heaven, and do not return there until they have watered the earth, making it bring forth and sprout, giving seed to the sower and bread to the eater, 11 so shall My Word be that goes out from My mouth; it shall not return to Me empty, but it shall accomplish that which I purpose, and succeed in the thing for which I sent it.

Themes:
+ God is our eternal Comforter, Redeemer and Savior. + God will pardon us of our sins if we will forsake our past and turn to Him. + The fleeting pleasure of sin in our lives will never be worth the extreme price we must pay for it (judgment from God). + God is holy and will not tarry while unholiness persists in His covenant people. + Deliverance is of God, not of man. + The greatest success in the world is being obedient to the will of God.

+ (9:6) - "For to us a Child is born, to us a Son is given, and the government will be on His shoulders. And He will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace."
+ (7:14) - "Therefore the Lord Himself will give you a sign: Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a Son, and shall call His name Immanuel (God is with us)."
+ (55:8-13) - God's thoughs and His ways are higher than man.

Outline:
I . Isaiah's commission to proclaim judgment. 1:1-6:13
2. Destruction of Israel by Assyria. 7:1-10:4
3. Destruction of Assyria by God. 10:5-12:6
4. Prophecies concerning other pagan nations. 13:1-23:18
5. Israel's judgment and deliverance. 24:1-27:13
6. Zion's restoration. 28:1-35:10
7. Delay of judgment for Jerusalem through Hezekiah's prayers. 36:1 39:8
8. Prophecy of Israel's deliverance and Deliverer. 40:1-57:21
9. The final kingdom and its glory. 58:1-66:24

TIMELINE
760 B.C. Amos becomes a prophet
753 Hosea becomes a prophet
742 Micah becomes a prophet
740 Isaiah becomes a prophet
735 Ahaz becomes king of Judah
732 Hoshea becomes king of Israel
722 Israel falls to the Assyrians
715 Hezekiah becomes king of Judah
701 Sennacherib surrounds Jerusalem
697 Manasseh becomes king of Judah
681 Isaiah's ministry ends
640 Josiah becomes king of Judah

(<<) 24 - JEREMIAH

Author: Jeremiah, as dictated to his secretary, Baruch.

Date Written: Between 627 and 580 B.C.

Time Span: 40-47 years. (Jeremiah's ministry begins under Judah's last good king, Josiah, and continues under the remaining 4 evil kings: Jehoahaz, Jehoiakim, Jehoiachin and Zedekiah.)

Title: This book is named after its author: the prophet Jeremiah.

Background:
Although 70 years earlier Assyria was powerful enough to destroy the northern kingdom of Israel, her power has since declined, and Babylon eventually defeats both Assyria and Egypt to attain world supremacy. Jeremiah's life covers the 40 years that lead to the destruction of Jerusalem, also at the hands of Babylon. Other prophets of the time include Zephaniah, Habakkuk, Daniel and Ezekiel. Jeremiah, "the weeping prophet," begins his ministry from Jerusalem when he is about 20 years old. Apostasy, idolatry and perverted worship are the rule of the day in Judah.

Where Written: Probably Jerusalem. (However, some scholars suggest Egypt.)

To Whom: Primarily to the nation of Judah, but also to all the surrounding nations.

Content:
Jeremiah boldly undertakes the unenviable task of proclaiming God's judgment upon an unrepentant nation. He even remains celibate as a sign that judgment Will come during his lifetime (chapter 16), Which it surely does. Persecution becomes his lot when false prophets of the land, such Is Hananiah, tell the people what they desire to hear rather than the truth of God. Jeremiah's unpopular message brings him sorrows of opposition, imprisonment, excommunication from the temple and beatings (chapters 20 and 38). Nothing can stop Jeremiah. Yet even as he prophesies destruction, Jeremiah promises a coming time of blessing, restoration and a new covenant. After Judah's exile to Babylon, he remains with the remnant in Jerusalem. But when Gedaliah, the governor placed over Jerusalem, is murdered, Jeremiah is taken as a hostage to Egypt, where he continues his prophetic ministry.

Key Words:
"Sin"; "Weeping." It is the responsibility of Jeremiah to proclaim Judah's coming judgment for her continuance in "sin," for the people's wickedness is too great. Jeremiah is "weeping," not only for his own persecutions, but also for his nation's bitter affliction.

-- Jeremiah 2:19
Your own wickedness will punish you. You will see what an evil, bitter thing it is to forsake the LORD your God, having no fear of Him. I, the Lord, the LORD Almighty, have spoken!

Themes:
+ God is patient and loving. + God's love for us may require divine discipline for our own good. + It grieves the heart of God to have to discipline His children. + Nations which reject God will pay the price for their disobedience. + The time to repent and turn to God is now. + God may have to rebuke sin in our lives, but He will never abandon or forsake us.

+ (29:11-13) - "11 For I know the plans I have for you," declares the LORD, "plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future. 12 Then you will call upon Me and come and pray to Me, and I will listen to you. 13 You will seek Me and find Me when you seek Me with all your heart."
+ (33:3) - "Call to Me, and I will answer you, and show you great and mighty things, which you do not know."

Outline:
1. The call of Jeremiah. 1:1-1:19
2. Prophecies against Judah 2:1-29:32
3. The future restoration of Israel. 30:1-33:20
4. The fall of Jeresalem and her flight to Egypt. 34:1-45:5
5. Prophecies against foreign nations. 46:1-51:64
6. The capture and destruction of Jerusalem. 52:1-52:34

(<<) 25 - LAMENTATIONS

Author: Probably Jeremiah.

Date Written: Between 586 and 585 B.C.

Time Span: An uncertain period of time soon after the destruction of Jerusalem, at the beginning of the exile.

Title: The book takes its name from its content: poetic laments about the destruction of Jerusalem. It is also called the "Lamentations of Jeremiah."

Background:
Lamentations (a look at the past) is a sequel to the book of Jeremiah (a look toward the future). Both books center around the destruction of Jerusalem and her subsequent captivity. Lamentations is one of 5 books which make up the Megilloth. These books of the Megilloth are read publicly at the following Jewish festivals: Ninth of Aba (Lamentations); Purim (Esther); Pentecost (Ruth); Tabernacles (Ecclesiastes); and Passover (Song of Songs). The first 4 poems of Lamentations, a 5-poem song, are in "acrostic" or alphabetical fashion. The 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet correspond successively to the first letter of each verse in chapters 1, 2 and 4. However, in chapter 3 each letter is allotted 3 verses.

Where Written: Jerusalem or Egypt.

To Whom: To the fallen city of Jerusalem.

Content:
Nebuchadnezzar brings to pass that which Jeremiah has been prophesying for 40 years. Jerusalem is destroyed, as is the temple, and the people are exiled to Babylon. Now Jeremiah sits among the ashes and weeps. His anguish is not only for himself, but for the exiles and those left behind destitute. "My eyes fail from weeping, I am in torment within, my heart is poured out on the ground because my people are destroyed" (2:11). These 5 poems make up a funeral song for the death of Jerusalem. But even during this barren hour, in Jeremiah's contrite heart he has a glimmer of hope. He begins again to pray for mercy on his people. Jeremiah praises God for his power, his fairness and his faithfulness. He looks to God for the future restoration of Jerusalem.

Key Words:
"Wrath"; "Lament." The "wratip of God has crushed Jerusalem and vindicated his righteousness and justice. All Jeremiah can do now is "lament" over what was once his proud and glorious city.

-- Lamentations 2:11-12
11 I have cried until the tears no longer come. My heart is broken, my spirit poured out, as I see what has happened to my people. Little children and tiny babies are fainting and dying in the streets. 12 They say to their mothers, "Where is bread and wine?" as they faint like wounded men in the streets of the city, as their lives ebb away in their mothers’ arms.

Themes:
+ The suffering we experience may at times be a direct result of the sin in our lives. + Suffering may be allowed in our lives as a means of helping us to repent. + A forgiven sin may still have consequences with which we must deal. + During our darkest hours God will strengthen and comfort us if we will only let Him. + If we have ever experienced sorrow, we are great candidates to console another who is hurting now. + Even as Jeremiah mourned, our Father mourns (when we refuse to take the message of His Son to heart). + The judgment of God is certain ... the time it will arrive is not.

Outline:
1. Destruction and desolation of Jerusalem. 1:1-1:22
2. God's anger with Jerusalem. 2:1-2:22
3. Prayer for God's mercy on Jerusalem. 3:1-3:66
4. Repentance of Jerusalem. 4:1-4:22
5. Prayer for God's restoration of Jerusalem. 5:1-5:22

(<<) 26 - EZEKIEL

Author: Ezekiel.

Date Written: Between 593 and 565 B.C. Time Span: About 22 years.

Title: This book is named after its author: the prophet Ezekiel. The name Ezekiel means "God strengthens."

Background:
Ezekiel, who grew up in Jerusalem and served as a priest in the temple, is among the second group of captives taken to Babylon along with King Jehoiachin. While in Babylon he becomes a prophet of God. Jeremiah has already prophesied in Jerusalem for about 35 years, and Daniel, having been exiled to Babylon 9 years earlier, is also a well-established prophet, as shown by his being mentioned 3 times in Ezekiel's messages. Both Ezekiel and Daniel are several years younger than the prophet Jeremiah.

Where Written: Babylon.

To Whom: Principally to the Babylonian exiles.

Content:
Ezekiel's ministry begins in Babylon with condemnation and judgment of the nation Judah. But after the destruction of Jerusalem takes place, Ezekiel's perspective changes. The past is gone, but there is a glimmer of hope shining through for the future. Ezekiel, who wants to help the people learn from their failures, announces impending judgment upon the nations that surround Judah and reestablishes hope for the restoration of Israel. His vision of the valley of dry bones pictures new life being breathed into the nation (chapter 37). Ezekiel concludes with his return to Jerusalem in a vision to receive details on the new temple, the new Jerusalem and the new land. Israel and Judah will once again be restored to unity from the ends of the earth, as God's glory also returns.

Key Words:
"Visions"; ''Watchman." Ezekiel receives a variety of beautiful and unusual "visions" concerning the immediate and long-term plans of God. These help to establish Ezekiel as God's "watchman" to warn and encourage the people. "Son of man, I have made you a watchman for the house of Israel; so hear the word I speak and give them warning from me" (3:17; 33:7).

-- Ezekiel 36:24-26
24 ‘For I will take you out of the nations; I will gather you from all the countries and bring you back into your own land. 25 I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you will be clean; I will cleanse you from all your impurities and from all your idols. 26 I will give you a new heart and put a new spirit in you; I will remove from you your heart of stone and give you a heart of flesh.

Themes:
+ God always has and always will hate sin. + The ways of God contrast with the ways of the world. + We are each responsible for our own sins. + We are together accountable for the sins of our nation. As will any loving father, God will discipline us for our disobedience. + God's promises of restoration for His people will undeniably be fulfilled.

Outline:
1. Call and commission of Ezekiel. 1:1-3:27
2. Judgment on sinful Judah. 4:1-24:27
3. Judgment on the Gentiles. 25:1-32:32
4. Promised restoration of Israel. 33:1-39:29
5. The new temple. 40:1-48:35

(<<) 27 - DANIEL

Author: Daniel.

Date Written: Between 605 and 530 B.C.

Time Span: 60 -70 years. (During the early period of Babylonian captivity, Daniel prophesies under the reigns of Nebuchadnezzar, his captor; Belshazzar; Darius the Mede; and Cyrus.)

Title: From the book's author and chief character: Daniel. This book is sometimes referred to as the "Apocalypse (Revelation) of the Old Testament." The name Daniel means "God is my judge."

Background:
As part of the first group deported to Babylon, Daniel is educated and groomed for service in the Gentile government. This devout Jewish teenager grows up in the courts of Nebuchadnezzar, where he continues to encourage both Jew and Gentile to trust in God. In contrast to the lives of most Biblical characters, Daniel is distinguished by never having anything negative written about him. A large segment of Daniel is composed in the Aramaic tongue, unlike other Old Testament books which are written in Hebrew.

Where Written: Babylon.

To Whom: Primarily to the Jews exiled in Babylon, but also to the Gentiles of Babylon and Persia.

Content:
Daniel and his 3 friendsShadrach, Meshach and Abednego -- are Ordered to compromise their faith by eating the king's food instead of what God has ordained. They are blessed for not compromising. But later, after Daniel has risen in prominence by identifying and interpreting Nebuchadnezzar's dream, more persecution arises. Eventually Daniel's friends are thrown into a fiery furnace for not bowing down to false gods, but God protects them. Daniel's power rises when he is able to interpret the handwriting which Belshazzar sees on the wall (chapter 5), but shortly thereafter Daniel is thrown into a lions' den for the offense of praying to his God (chapter 6). Once again God protects as Daniel walks away unharmed. Daniel's ministry continues with these visions: the 4 beasts -- correlating to the kingdoms of Babylon, Persia, Greece and Rome (chapter 7); the ram and the goat (chapter 8); the 70 "sevens" (chapter 9); and, finally, the emergence of the righteous and eternal kingdom of God.

Key Words:
"Courage"; "Preservation." The book of Daniel has several memorable stories illustrating the "courage" and commitment of men who place their faith in God. The "preservation" of God's people is assured for all who rely on Him.

-- Daniel 2:22-23
22 He reveals deep and mysterious things and knows what lies hidden in darkness, though He Himself is surrounded by light. 23 "I thank You and praise You, O God of my fathers; You have given me wisdom and might, And have now made known to me what we asked of You, For You have made known to us the king’s demand."

Themes:
+ God works through the lives of people to accomplish His desires. + Earthly kingdoms may rise and fall, but God and His Word will last forever. + If we will commit ourselves to God, good will triumph over evil in our lives. + God is concerned about every area of our lives ... even our diets and eating habits. + Only God knows all, sees all and hears all ... and thus only He is worthy of lordship of our lives.

Outline:
I . Daniel's training in Babylon. 1:1-1:21
2. Daniel and his friends during Nebuchadnezzar's reign. 2:1-4:37
3. The writing on the wall. 5:1-5:31
4. Daniel's faith tested in the lions' den. 6:1- 6:28
5. Daniel's dream, visions and prayer. 7:1-9:27
6. Daniel's revelation of Israel's future. 10:1-12:13

(<<) 28 - HOSEA

Author: Hosea.

Date Written: Between 790 and 710 B.C.

Time Span: About 45 years. (Hosea's ministry overlaps those of the prophets Isaiah, Amos and Micah.)

Title: From the book's author and one of the chief characters: Hosea. Hosea has been called "the prophet with the broken heart."

Background:
Hosea's ministry to the northern kingdom begins while Jeroboam II is reigning in Israel, and successively covers the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah in Judah. The setting for this first book of the minor prophets is just before Israel is exiled to Assyria. While the nation is thriving in prosperity, its spiritual condition is deplorable with pagan and immoral worship of Baal and Ashtoreth, as well as the worship of the golden calves that Jeroboam I had set up at Bethel and Dan.

Where Written: Israel (northern kingdom).

To Whom: To the people of the northern kingdom.

Content:
Hosea's personal life graphically illustrates his prophetic message. At the command of God, the prophet Hosea marries Gomer the prostitute. But instead of being faithful to her forgiving and loving husband, Gomer returns to her previous lovers. Hosea, though, is diligent as he compassionately seeks her out and is able to bring her back. Hosea's message is also revealed through the meaning of the names he gives his 3 children: Jezreel, Lo-Ruhamah and Lo-Ammi (chapter 1). Like Gomer wanton Israel is running after other "loves" instead of being faithful in her "marriage" to God. However, Israel's rebellion, apostasy and fornication eventually give way to God's love. Finally, Hosea outlines Israel's restoration and new marriage covenant.

++ Note: + (1:4) - son, Jezreel (God will scatter - Zechariah 10:9). + (1:6) - daughter, Lo-Ruhamah (not loved, not an object of mercy or gracious favor). + (1:9) - son, Lo-Ammi (not My people). "... for you are not My people, and I am not your God."

Key Words:
"Marriage"; "Forgiveness." Just as Hosea marries Gomer, so God's covenant relationship with Israel represents their "marriage." And just as Hosea reaches out in "forgiveness" to buy back his adulterous wife from a slave market (chapter 3), so God in "forgiveness" continues to seek His own.

-- Hosea 3:1
Then the LORD said to me, Go again, love a woman who is loved by a lover and is committing adultery, just like the love of the LORD for the children of Israel, who look to other gods and love the raisin cakes of the pagans.

Themes:
+ The love of God is unconditional, eternal and transforming. + God loves us enough to chasten us for our sins. + God hates physical and spiritual adultery. + There is absolutely nothing we can do which will separate us from God's compassion and love. + God's concern for our entire being includes the success of our marriage. + Unrequited love in our personal lives may help us to understand better the heartache God experiences when mankind rejects His love.

Outline:
1. Hosea is married to Gomer. 1:1-3:5
2. Israel commits spiritual adultery. 4:1-6:3
3. Israel is judged for refusing to repent. 6:4-10:15
4. God's love for Israel promises restoration. 11:1- 14:9

(<<) 29 - JOEL

Author: Joel.

Date Written: Between 835 and 800 B.C.

Time Span: While the exact length of Joel's ministry is not known, his prophecies span the time until the future restoration of Jerusalem is complete.

Title: The book is named after its author: the prophet Joel. Joel has been called the "prophet of Pentecost." The name Joel means "Yahweh is God."

[Note: Pentecost - 1. The seventh Sunday after Easter, commemorating the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the disciples. 2. "fiftieth," the Feast of Weeks. From the waving of the sheaf of firstfruits fifty days were counted, and on the day after the seven sabbaths the feast was kept. ]

Background:
Judah, the setting for the book of Joel, is devastated by a vast horde of locusts. This invasion of locusts destroys everything: the fields of grain, the vineyards, the gardens and the trees. Joel symbolically describes the locusts as a marching human army and views all of this as divine judgment coming against the nation for her sins.

Where Written: Probably Jerusalem.

To Whom: Primarily to the southern kingdom of Judah, but also to all Jews and Gentiles.

Content:
A terrible locust plague is followed by a severe famine throughout the land. Joel uses these happenings as the catalyst to send words of warning to Judah that unless the people repent quickly and completely, enemy armies will devour the land as did the natural elements. Joel appeals to all the people and the priests of the land to fast and humble themselves as they seek God's forgiveness. If they will but respond, there will be renewed material and spiritual blessings for the nation. But the day of the Lord is coming. At this time the dreaded locusts will seem as gnats in comparison, as all nations receive their judgment. Finally, Joel gives an account of Jerusalem's ultimate restoration and prosperity.

Key Words:
"Locusts"; "Spirit.' The book of Joel is highlighted by 2 major events. One is the invasion of "locusts,"which devas tates the lands of rebellious Judah. The other is God pouring out His "Spirit" on all people, which will result in sons and daughters prophesying, old men dreaming dreams and young men seeing visions (2:28). The initial fulfillment of this is quoted by Peter in Acts as having taken place at Pentecost.

-- Joel 2:12-14
12 That is why the LORD says, Turn to me now, while there is time! Give me your hearts. Come with fasting, weeping, and mourning. 13 Don’t tear your clothing in your grief; instead, tear your hearts. Return to the LORD your God, for He is gracious and merciful. He is not easily angered. He is filled with kindness and is eager not to punish you. 14 Who knows? He may reconsider and change His plan and leave a blessing for you. Then you could give grain offerings and wine offerings to the LORD your God.

Themes:
+ Without repentance, judgment will be harsh, thorough and certain. + Our trust should not be in our possessions -- which can be taken from us -- but in the Lord our God. + God at times may use nature, sorrow or other common occurrences to draw us closer to Him. + God's covenant with His people will endure forever.

Outline:
1. Invasion of locusts. 1:1-2:11
2. God's mercy on the repentant. 2:12-2:27
3. Final judgment and triumph of God. 2:28-3:21

(<<) 30 - AMOS

Author: Amos.

Date Written: Between 760 and 753 B.C.
Time Span: 7-10 years.

Title: The book is named after its author: Amos. Amos is often referred to as the "sycamore-fig grower from the south" or the "shepherd of Tekoa."

+ NOTE: Amos, a native of Tekoa in Judah, possibly the father of the prophet Isaiah. + (7:14-15) - "14 Amos answered Amaziah, "I was neither a prophet nor a prophet’s son (disciple. schools of prophets), but I was a shepherd, and I also took care of sycamore-fig trees. 15 But the LORD took me from tending the flock and said to me, ‘Go, prophesy to My people Israel.’"

Background:
Amos is a shepherd and a fruit picker from the Judean village of Tekoa (due south of Bethlehem) when God calls him -- even though he lacks an education or a priestly background. Amos's mission is directed to his neighbor to the north, Israel. His messages of impending doom and captivity for the nation because of her sins are largely unpopular and unheeded, however, because not since the days of Solomon have times been so good in Israel. Amos's ministry takes place while Jeroboam II reigns over Israel, and Uzziah reigns over Judah (about 40 years prior to Israel's exile to Assyria). Contemporary prophets are Isaiah, Hosea and Micah.

Where Written: Near Jerusalem.

To Whom: Primarily to Israel, but also to Judah and the surrounding nations.

Content:
Amos can see that beneath Israel's external prosperity and power, internally the nation is corrupt to the core. The sins for which Amos chastens the people are extensive: neglect of God's Word, idolatry, pagan worship, greed, corrupted leadership and oppression of the poor. Amos begins by pronouncing a judgment upon all the surrounding nations, then upon his own nation of Judah, and finally the harshest judgment is given to Israel. His visions from God reveal the same emphatic message: judgment is near. The book ends with God's promise to Amos of future restoration of the remnant.

Key Words:
"Plumb line"; "Hope." God's vision to Amos reveals the "plumb line" (standard) by which the people will be tested and judged (chapter 7). God's nature shines through by the "hope" he offers in his restoration of the land and of the people.

-- Amos 5:14, 24
14 Seek good, not evil, that you may live. Then the LORD God Almighty will be with you, just as you say He is.
+ 24 But let justice roll on like a river, righteousness like a never-failing stream!

Themes:
+ Because God is eternally righteous, He demands that we be satisfied with nothing less than His righteousness in our lives. + God hates sin. + The cost for having sin in our lives is expensive. + God often selects individuals to do His work whom the world would reject. + God holds those, to whom more has been given, accountable for more. + God's judgment is certain. + God-fearing people receive blessings from God both now and for all eternity.

Outline:
1. God judges Israel's neighbors. 1:1-2:5
2. God judges Israel. 2:6-6:14
3. Amos has 5 visions. 7:1-9:10
4. Israel is promised restoration. 9:11- 9:15

(<<) 31 - OBADIAH

Author: Obadiah.

Date Written:
Obadiah was written during one of the invasions of Jerusalem. If written when the city was destroyed by the Philistines and Arabians, the date can be set between 848 and 840 B.C. If written during the invasion of Jerusalem by Babylon under Nebuchadnezzar, the suggested date is about 586 B.C.

Time Span: While the length of Obadiah's ministry is not certain, his prophecies cover thousands of years.

Title: The book is named after its author: Obadiah. The name Obadiah means "servant of the LORD."

Background:
Obadiah, the shortest book in the Old Testament, is only 21 verses long. Obadiah is a prophet of God who uses this opportunity to condemn Edom for sins against both God and Israel. The Edomites are descendants of Esau, and the Israelites are descendants of his twin brother, Jacob. A quarrel between the brothers has affected their descendants for over 1,000 years. This division caused the Edomites to forbid Israel to cross their land during the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. Edom's sins of pride now require a strong word of judgment from the Lord.

Where Written: Judah.

To Whom: To the Edomites.

Content:
Obadiah's message is final and it's sore the kingdom of Edom will be destroyed completely. Edom has been arrogant -- gloating over Israel's misfortunes -- and when enemy armies attack Israel and the Israelites ask for help, the Edomites refuse... and choose to fight against them, not for them (verses 10-14). These sins of pride can be overlooked no longer. The book ends with the promise of the fulfillment and deliverance of Zion in the last days when the land will be restored to God's people as He rules over them.

Key Words:
"Pride"; "Brother." The Edomites' security (living in a fortified city in Mount Seir) causes an evil "pride" to develop. Their "brother" descendants are thus treated with treachery and abandonment. The only kind of "pride" which is good, and will cause man to treat his "brother" with compassion and love, is that which is placed in the Lord.

-- Obadiah 1:15-16
15 For the day of the LORD upon all the nations is near; As you have done, it shall be done to you; Your reprisal shall return upon your own head. 16 For as you drank on My holy mountain, So shall all the nations drink continually; Yes, they shall drink, and swallow, And they shall be as though they had never been."

Themes:
+ God will overcome in our behalf if we will stay true to Him. + Unlike Edom, we must be willing to help others in times of need. + Like a loving father, God may at times need to punish His children. + Pride is sin. (We have nothing to be proud of except Jesus Christ and what He has done for us). + Loving all mankind can be easy, but we may need God's help to love the man next door.

Outline:
1. Prophecy of Edom's judgment. 1-9
2. The sins of Edom. 10-14
3. God's vengeance on Edom. 15-18
4. The possession of Edom by Israel. 19-21

(<<) 32 - JONAH

Author: Jonah.

Date Written: Between 793 and 753 B.C.

Time Span: Uncertain.

Title: From the book's author and chief character: Jonah.

Background:
Jonah -- the only Old Testament prophet from Galilee -- was born in Israel and grew up in a city called Gath Hepher, about 3 miles from Nazareth. Jonah is commissioned by God to preach repentance to the Gentile nation of Assyria and its capital of Nineveh. This is an especially hard assignment since the Assyrians have a brutal and oppressive reputation, in addition to being long-standing enemies of Israel. King Jeroboam II reigns over Israel at this time.

Where Written: Near Jerusalem.

To Whom: Primarily to Israel.

Content:
Jonah's fear and pride cause him to run from God. He does not wish to go to Nineveh to preach repentance to the people -- as God has commanded -- because he feels they are his enemy, and he is convinced that God will not carry out His threat to destroy the city. Instead he boards a ship for Tarshish, which is in the opposite direction. Soon a raging storm causes the crew to cast lots to determine that Jonah is the problem. They throw him overboard, and he is swallowed by a great fish. In its belly for 3 days and 3 nights (1:17), Jonah repents of his sin to God, and the fish vomits him on to dry land. Jonah then makes the 500-mile trip to Nineveh and leads the city in a great revival (chapter 3). But the prophet is displeased instead of thankful when Nineveh repents. Jonah learns his lesson, however, when God uses a vine, a worm and a wind to teach him that God is love and merciful.

Key Words:
"Fish"; "Revival." Jonah is not merely swallowed by a great "fish"; this event represents God extending His helping hand to save the prophet. It gives Jonah a unique opportunity... to seek a unique deliverance ... as he repents during this equally unique retreat. Many classify the "revival" which Jonah brings to Nineveh as one of the greatest evangelistic efforts of all time.

-- Jonah 1:1-3; 3:1-3; 4:11
1:1 The word of the LORD came to Jonah son of Amittai: 2 "Go to the great city of Nineveh and preach against it, because its wickedness has come up before Me." 3 But Jonah ran away from the LORD ... +
+ 3:1 Then the word of the LORD came to Jonah a second time: 2 "Go to the great city of Nineveh and proclaim to it the message I give you." 3 Jonah obeyed the word of the LORD and went to Nineveh. Now Nineveh was a very important city -- a visit required three days.
+ 4:11 But Nineveh has more than 120,000 people living in spiritual darkness (who cannot tell their right hand from their left), not to mention all the animals. Shouldn’t I feel sorry for such a great city?"

Themes:
+ We can never successfully hide from God ... He sees our every move. + God many times does His greatest works through the least likely candidates. + What we may consider as impossible, God may consider as a great opportunity given to us. + Regardless of our patriotism... we must never put our country ahead of our God. + Regardless of our reputation, nationality or race ... God loves us. + Rejoicing in the salvation of others is an experience God wants us to share with Him. + God at times may use nature, animals, the weather or any other part of His creation to bring us to a closer union with Him.

Outline:
1. Jonah runs away from the Lord. 1:1-1:17
2. Jonah is delivered from the fish. 2:1-2:10
3. Jonah obeys God and goes to Nineveh. 3:1-3:10
4. Jonah is angered at God's mercy. 4:1-4:11

(<<) 33 - MICAH

Author: Micah.

Date Written: Between 735 and 698 B.C.

Tme Span: About 25 years.

Title: From the book's author: Micah. This name means "who is like Yahweh.'

Background:
Micah is a prophet of the common people (rugged, direct and convincing) from the prominent Judean city of Moresheth, about 25 miles southwest of Jerusalem. Micah's ministry spans the reigns of Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah. These are turbulent times of great oppression, corruption and exploitation. Israel and Judah are deep in sin, despite their wealth, and Micah's message of imminent judgment upon them is neither pleasant nor popular.

Where Written: Judah.

To Whom: To both Israel and Judah.

Content:
Micah's message is directed against the sins of the people in Jerusalem and Samaria, the capitals of Judah and Israel. The corrupt rulers, false prophets, ungodly priests and cheating merchants are the main reasons for God's judgment coming against the nations. But in the midst of their destruction, Micah prophesies the birth of the Messiah in Bethlehem (5:2) - 700 years before Jesus Christ is born. This once insignificant village now gains eternal prominence. God also reveals through Micah these promises: a remnant will remain; He will gather His own from all the ends of the earth; and Zion will be restored (4:8).
++ (5:2) - "But you, O Bethlehem Ephrathah, though you are small among the clans of Judah, out of you will come for Me One who will be Ruler over Israel, Whose origins are from of old, from ancient times."

Key Words:
"Justice"; "Mercy"; "Humility." Micah's repeated and emphatic cry is for the people of God to show "justice" in all their dealings, to love "mercy" by showing the same to others, and to walk in "humility" with their God (6:8).

-- Micah 6:8
He has shown you, O man, what is good; And what does the LORD require of you But to do justly, to love mercy, And to walk humbly with your God?

Themes:
+ God gives warnings so we will not have to suffer His wrath. + Judgment is certain if God's warnings are not heeded. + God disciplines us because He loves us. + God knows that sin destroys, and He wants us to be whole..: + God's promise of restoration awaits those who remain true to Him.

Outline:
1. Micah's vision of judgment against Samaria and Jerusalem. 1:1-1:16
2. Judgment of leaders and prophets. 2:1-3:12
3. The coming King and His restoration. 4:1-5:9
4. God's punishment and subsequent blessings for Israel. 5:10-7:20

(<<) 34 - NAHUM

Author: Nahum.

Date Written: Between 663 and 612 B.C.

Time Span: Not specified.

Title: From the book's author: Nahum. This name means "comfort."

Background:
The book of Nahum is a sequel to the book of Jonah, wherein Jonah led the city of Nineveh (Assyria's capital) in a tremendous revival, which delayed God's judgment against them. But that happened about 150 years before, and now after years of falling away Nineveh has become even more wicked. Assyria is at the peak of her reign, exuding pride, wealth and power. Nahum, a prophet from the Judean town of Elkosh, has this mission: to preach God's coming judgment against Nineveh and God's comfort to the Israelites.

Where Written: Judah.

To Whom: To Assyria and her capital city, Nineveh, but as comfort to God's people in Judah as well.

Content:
Assyria has progressively conquered nation after nation. The Assyrians are a brutal people -- cruel, defiant and immoral -- and their sins against God's people bring the judgment of God upon themselves. Nahum predicts the desolation of Nineveh, which takes place some years later when a flood of the Tigris River destroys part of her previously invincible city wall. Forces from Babylon then enter the city to fulfill Nahum's words. Nineveh's destruction will be final; whereas, Judah at her destruction will leave behind a remnant.

Key Words:
"Wrath"- "Comfort." By all human standards Nineveh has might and power. The city is surrounded by a great wall 100 feet high -- that reportedly could hold 6 chariots riding abreast -- as well as a great moat 60 feet in depth. 200 towers ascend another 100 feet above the wall. But despite this formidable opposition, Nineveh will not escape God's "wrath." Nahum has constant words of "comfort" for His people: "the LORD will not leave the guilty unpunished" (1:3).

-- Nahum 1:7-9
7 The LORD is good, A stronghold in the day of trouble; And He knows those who trust in Him. 8 But He sweeps away His enemies in an overwhelming flood. He pursues His foes into the darkness of night. 9 Why are you scheming against the LORD? He will destroy you with one blow; He won’t need to strike twice!

Themes:
+ God is patient and slow to anger. + The praise from our lips and the works of our hands together enable us to worship God. + One plus God is a majority. + God's promises are sure ... whether for blessing or for punishment. + We should lean not on our own might ... but on our Mighty One. + Vengeance is a right reserved for God alone.

Outline:
1. Nahum's vision of God's power and the deliverance of Judah. 1:1-1:14
2. Destruction of Nineveh. 1:15-2:13
3. Reasons for the fall of Nineveh. 3:1-3:19

(<<) 35 - HABAKKUK

Author: Habakkuk.

Date Written: Between 609 and 589 B.C.

Time Span: Not specified.

Title: From the book's author: Habakkuk. This name may mean "one who embraces"

Background:
The prophet Habakkuk is called by God to warn the people of Judah of their coming judgment. These latter days before Judah's fall are a violent time of extensive sin throughout the land. Habakkuk, from Judah, is a contemporary of Jeremiah.

Where Written: Judah.

To Whom: To Judah.

Content:
Habakkuk, witnessing Judah's apostasy, bribery and oppression, enters into a dialogue with God. He wants to know why God is allowing these people to prosper and escape judgment. God's reply is that He is sending the Babylonians as His chastening rod upon the nation of Judah. But this bothers Habakkuk even more: why would a just God bring judgment upon a wicked Judah with an even more wicked Babylon? God then gives Habakkuk a new understanding and insight into the very nature of God. God is good, fair and wise, and man's responsibility is to confidently place faith in Him. God lets Habakkuk know that future judgment of Babylon will bring sure and thorough destruction. Habakkuk has learned His lesson: to trust God and praise Him always.

Key Words:
"Faith"; "Woe." A predominant lesson to be learned from this book is our need to have total "faith" in God, for "the righteous will live by his faith" (2:4). We may not always understand why God does everything He does, but we can be assured that God loves us and that His ultimate plans consistently include His judgment of the wicked. "Woe" to those who build their realm by unjust gain (2:9) and bloodshed (2:12). "Woe" to those who put their trust in idols (2:18,19).

-- Habakkuk 1:5; 2:4; 3:2
1:5 Look at the nations and watch -- and be utterly amazed. For I am going to do something in your days that you would not believe, even if you were told.
+ 2:4 Behold the proud, his soul is not upright in him; But the righteous shall live by his Faith.
+ 3:2 I have heard all about You, LORD, and I am filled with awe by the amazing things You have done. In this time of our deep need, begin again to help us, as You did in years gone by. Show us Your power to save us. And in Your anger, remember Your mercy.

Themes:
+ It is a timeless truth that God hates sin and is unwilling to compromise with it. + No matter what our circumstances may be, we can still trust the Lord and praise His holy name. + A life lived by faith will also be a life full of God's joy. + We can talk to God about anything ... even our doubts and fears. + If we will get to know our Creator better, we will better understand His plans for His creation.

Outline:
1. Habakkuk complains against injustice. 1:1-1:4
2. The Lord answers 1:5-1:11
3. Habakkuk complains that the wicked prevail. 1:12-2:1
4. The Lord answers again. 2:2-2:20
5. Habakkuk praises God in prayer. 3:1-3:19

(<<) 36 - ZEPHANIAH

Author: Zephaniah.

Date Written: Between 640 and 612 B.C.

Time Span: Not specified.

Title: From the book's author: Zephaniah. This name means "Yahweh protects."

Backgroun:
Zephaniah ministers to Judah -- during the years before total destruction comes -- when the young Josiah is king. Josiah begins as a very good king and institutes sweeping reforms, probably influenced by the prophet Zephaniah. But even these efforts are not enough, for Judah falls deeper and deeper into apostasy and sin. Zephaniah, a contemporary of Jeremiah, resides in Jerusalem. His prophecy concerns both Judah's immediate and long-range judgments by God. Zephaniah is probably the great-grandson of a former king of Judah, Hezekiah.

Where Written: Judah.

To Whom: Primarily to Judah.

Content:
The book of Zephaniah is a message of judgment. The prophet graphically uses the 53 verses of this book to describe the wrath which will come upon Judah, Philistia, Moab, Ammon, Cush and Assyria. The sins and subsequent destruction of Jerusalem are given special attention. Future blessings, though, are available to all Gods people, Jew and Gentile alike, if they will obediently turn to Him. The promised remnant of Israel will be restored, and there will be worldwide rejoicing (chapter 3).

Key Words:
"Great Day of the LORD"; "Remnant. " Zephaniah emphatically announces that God's vengeance and holiness will lead Him to judge all nations for their sins in the coming "great day of the LORD" (chapter 1). But God has promised to exalt a "remnant," which will be regathered from the ends of the earth to live in the comfort and joy of the Lord.

-- Zephaniah 2:3
Seek the LORD, all you meek of the earth, Who have upheld His justice. Seek righteousness, seek humility. It may be that you will be hidden In the day of the LORD’S anger.

Themes:
+ God is not prejudiced... He hates sin and loves obedience universally. + God wants us to have pure hearts, not hypocritical, outward shows of piety. + The coming day of the Lord will bring judgment far greater than anything the world has ever known. + Renewed fellowship with God is available to all who have genuinely repentant hearts.

Outline:
1. God's judgment of Judah. 1:1-2:3
2. God's judgment of Judah's neighbors. 2:4-3:8
3. God's restoration of Judah. 3:9-3:20

(<<) 37 - HAGGAI

Author: Haggai.

Date Written: About 520 B.C.

Time Span: Slightly less than 4 months.

Title: From the book's author: Haggai.

Background:
It has been several years since Zerubbabel (the governor) and Joshua (the high priest) led the first return of exiles to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple of God. Haggai, already an old man, came with them. Now, this small group with great aspirations has come upon hard times. They have allowed the negative influences of opposition and scanty resources to discourage them to the point of quitting, after having completed only the temple's foundation. The Jews' neglect of the temple is made worse by their preoccupation with constructing elaborate homes for themselves. The Spirit of the Lord comes upon the prophet Haggai and prompts him to stir the people to resume building the temple.

Where Written: Jerusalem.

To Whom: To Zerubbabel and Joshua in particular, but also to all Jews who returned from exile to Jerusalem.

Content:
The elderly Haggai exhorts the People to get excited and committed to the Work of rebuilding the temple, which has ceased. The best way possible for Haggai to do this is to give them a glimpse of what they have lost -- that blessings come to those Who put God first in their lives, and the vision of God's glory filling the new temple when it is completed. But even his message of hope is not lacking a rebuke and judgment of the people for their sins. Zerubbabel and Joshua are commissioned to let the Lord's presence guide their leadership of the people. Finally, the establishment of God's eternal kingdom is foretold, where Zerubbabel will be honored for his part in helping complete the temple.

Key Words:
"Careful thought"; "Glory." Before the reconstruction of the temple can be completed, first the hearts of the people need to be renewed as the Lord tells them, "Give careful thought to your ways" (1:7). Haggai encourages the people to seek proper priorities, which will result in God's "glory" filling the new temple (2:7).

-- Haggai 1:4
Is it time for you yourselves to live in your paneled (comforted) houses, and this House (temple) to lie in ruins?

Themes:
+ In order for a project to be completed ... it first must be started. + A job half done is a job not done. + If we commit our ways to God, He will guide and bless our walk. + We should avoid compromising situations. + Sometimes we settle for good... when we could have the best. + Prosperity and other standards of success hold no lasting contentment when we place our concerns ahead of God's.

Outline:
1. Haggai's proclamation of God's message to rebuild His temple. 1:1-1:15
2. The glory of the new temple. 2:1-2:9
3. The promise of blessings. 2:10-2:19
4. God's triumph and Zerubbabel's recognition. 2:20-2:23

(<<) 38 - ZECHARIAH

Author: Zechariah.

Date Written: Between 520 and 518 B.C., chapters 1-8; chapters 9-14 authored some years later, possibly between 480 and 470 B.C.

Time Span: Chapters 1-8 cover about 2 years during the rebuilding of the temple. Chapters 9-14 cover about 10 years after the temple is completed.

Title: From the book's author: Zechariah. This name means "God remembers."

Background:
About 2 months after Haggai's first message to Jerusalem, Zechariah begins a similar ministry. Zechariah is the son of Berekiah and the grandson of Iddo, who were among the exiles that returned to Jerusalem under Zerubbabel. Zechariah's message for those rebuilding the temple of God is one of encouragement, comfort and judgment.

Where Written: Jerusalem.

To Whom: To a restored Israel.

Content:
Zechariah's message begins with a series of night visions, which offer both comfort to the people of God in rebuilding the temple and judgment of the disobedient people and nations. Zechariah joins the older Haggai in exhorting the people to finish construction of the temple (which they accomplish in about 4 years time) and encouraging a closer walk in obedience to God. The people's devotion to the task increases when they are finally made to realize that the glory of God cannot return to the temple ... if the temple does not exist. Zechariah's prophecies concerning the Messiah include: the righteous Branch (chapter 6); the Triumphal Entry on the colt of a donkey (chapter 9); and the betrayal for 30 pieces of silver (chapter 11). The book closes with the day of the Lord and the restoration of Israel.
+ (9:9) - "Rejoice greatly, O Daughter of Zion! Shout, Daughter of Jerusalem! See, your king comes to you, righteous and having salvation, gentle and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey."

Key Words:
"Obedience"; "Messiah." Zechariah lets the nation know that future blessings are contingent upon the people's "obedience" to God and His Word. The coming of the "Messiah" is central to the book: his power, betrayal and kingdom.

-- Zechariah 9:9-10
9 Rejoice greatly, O people of Zion! Shout in triumph, O people of Jerusalem! Look, Your king is coming to you. He is righteous and victorious, yet He is humble, riding on a donkey -- even on a donkey’s colt. 10 I will remove the battle chariots from Ephraim and the warhorses from Jerusalem, and I will destroy all the weapons used in battle. Your king will bring peace to the nations. His realm will stretch from sea to sea and from the Euphrates River to the ends of the earth.

Themes:
+ God's ways are not just best for God ... they are also best for us. + We need to fear no obstacle when we are on the side of God. + God desires pure actions, but even more He desires pure motives for our actions. + A person in love with the Lord will also have love and compassion for others. + God's plan of redemption (through Jesus Christ) was established from the time sin first entered the world.
+ (4:6) "... Not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit,’ says the LORD Almighty."

Outline:
1. Zechariah gives God's call to repentance. 1:1-1:6
2. Zechariah has 8 visions from the Lord. 1:7-6:8
3. Joshua is crowned. 6:9-6:15
4. God seeks obedience, not hypocrisy. 7:1-7:14
5. The Lord promises blessings for Israel. 8:1-8:23
6. Israel's enemies are judged. 9:1-9:8
7. The coming of the Messiah and his reign. 9:9-14:21

(<<) 39 - MALACHI

Author: Malachi.

Date Written: Between 450 and 400 B.C.

Time Span: About 7 years.

Title: From the book's author: Malachi. This name means "My messenger."

Background:
The temple of God is now complete. The ministries of Haggai and Zechariah are over, but prophecy continues through Malachi and his contemporary, Nehemiah. Once again the nation has fallen into a wide variety of sins: divorce; intermarriage to pagan spouses; neglect of the temple and its tithes; ungodly leadership; and indifference. It has been about 100 years since the Jews' return to Jerusalem, and now God's people are discouraged due to the trying times of drought and famine.

Where Written: Jerusalem.

To Whom: To all Israelites, but especially to the remnant that returned from captivity in Babylon.

Content:
The prophet Malachi brings a message of judgment upon the people because they have not learned from their past sins. In a dialogue with God, the sins and apathy of the people are rebuked. Malachi is distinguished as being the only Prophetic book which ends not in deliverarice ... but judgment. Mankind has made very little progress spiritually through the years, and, thus, the Old Testament ends with the word "curse:' However, this word is contained in a promise that Elijah will come to restore the hearts of the fathers (4:4-6). This is fulfilled with the coming of John the Baptist who prepares the way for Jesus Christ, 400 years after Malachi's message.

Key Words:
"Tithe"; "Prepare." When the people do not "tithe," they are actually robbing from God what is rightfully His (3:8,9). But the people owe to God more than just their money, they owe their time, talents and praises as well. Part of Malachi's ministry is to "prepare" the hearts of God's people and the way for John the Baptist, who will then "prepare" the way for the Messiah, Jesus Christ our Lord.

-- Malachi 3:10
+ "Bring the whole tithe into the storehouse, that there may be food in My house. Test Me in this," says the LORD Almighty, "and see if I will not throw open the floodgates of heaven and pour out so much blessing that you will not have room enough for it."
-- Malachi 4:1-2
1 The LORD Almighty says, The day of judgment is coming, burning like a furnace. The arrogant and the wicked will be burned up like straw on that day. They will be consumed like a tree -- roots and all. 2 But for you who fear My name, the Sun of Righteousness will rise with healing in his wings. And you will go free, leaping with joy like calves let out to pasture.

Themes:
+ Remembering God's past victories will help during our times of need today. + Giving to God and His work is a privilege, not a punishment. + Try as we may ... we can never outgive the Lord. + There is no overlooking the issue of sin. + God has a plan that includes all of history.

Outline:
1. God's love for Israel. 1:1-1:5
2. Israel's defiled sacrifices. 1:6-1:14
3. God's admonition for the priests. 2:1-2:9
4. Israel's sins shown offensive to God. 2:10-3:15
5. Promises and rewards for those who fear God. 3:16-4:6

(<<) Bible Old Testament Timeline

+++ B.C. :

undated - Creation
undated - Noah
2166 - Abram born
2091 (1925) - Abram enters Canaan
2066 (1900) - Isaac born
2006 (1840) - Jacob & Esau born
1929 (1764) - Jacob flees to Haran
1915 (1750) - Joseph born
1898 (1733) - Joseph sold into slavery
1885 (1720) - Joseph rules Egypt
1805 (1640) - Joseph dies

1805 B.C. (1640 B.C.) - Joseph dies, Slavery in Egypt
1446 (1280) - Exodus from Egypt
1445 (1279) - Ten Commandments given; Wilderness Wanderings
1444 (1278) - Israel camps at Mount Sinai / First census
1443 (1277) - First spy mission; Wilderness Wanderings

1407 (1241) - Second census, Balaam prophesies
1406 (1240) - Moses dies, Joshua appointed, Israel Canaan entered

1375 (1220) - Period of the Judges begins
1367-1327 (1202-1162) - Othniel
1309-1229 (1184-1104) - Ehud
1209-1169 (1192-1152) - Deborah
1162-1122 (1146-1106) - Gideon
1105 (1083) - Samuel born
1075-1055 (1083-1063) - Samson
1050 (1045) - Saul anointed king; United Kingdom

1040 - David born
1025 - David anointed; Goliath slain
1010 - Saul dies; David is king over Judah
1003 - David becomes king over all Israel
997(?) - David and Bathsheba sin
966-959 - Temple built
991 - Solomon born
980(?) - David's census
970 - David dies; Solomon made king
966-959 - Temple built
959 - Temple completed
930 - The kingdom divides
925 - Shishak invades Jerusalem
910 - Asa becomes king of Judah

875 - Elijah begins his ministry
874 - Ahab becomes king of Israel
872 - Jehoshaphat becomes king of Judah
857 - Ben-hadad attacks Samaria
853 - Ahab dies in battle
848 - Elisha becomes a prophet
848 - Elijah's ministry transfers to Elisha
841 - Jehu becomes king of Israel
841 - Athaliah seizes Judah's throne
835 - Joash becomes king of Judah

798 - Jehoash becomes king of Israel
797 - Elisha's ministry ends
796? - Joel's ministry ends
793 - Jeroboam II becomes king of Israel
793 - Jonah becomes a prophet
792 - Uzziah (Azariah) becomes king of Judah
785? - Jonah preaches to Nineveh
783 - Shalmaneser IV becomes king of Assyria
772 - Ashur-dan III becomes king of Assyria

760 - Amos becomes a prophet
754 - Ashur-nirari V becomes king of Assyria
753 - Jonah's ministry ends
753 - Hosea becomes a prophet;
753 - King Zechariah of Israel is killed
752 - King Shallum of Israel is assassinated
750 - Amos's ministry ends
750 - Jotham becomes king of Judah
743 - Tiglath-Pileser III invades Israel
742 - Micah becomes a prophet to Judah
742 - Pekahiah becomes king
740 - Isaiah becomes a prophet to Judah
735 - Ahaz becomes king of Judah
732 - Hoshea becomes king of Israel
722 - Israel (northern kingdom) falls to Assyria
715 - Hezekiah becomes king of Judah
715 - Hosea's ministry ends
701 - Sennacherib taunts Hezekiah

697 - Manasseh becomes king of Judah
687 - Micah's ministry ends
681 - Isaiah's ministry ends
669 - Ashurbanipal becomes king of Assyria
663 - The fall of Thebes; Nahum becomes a prophet

640 - Zephaniah becomes a prophet
640 - Josiah becomes king of Judah
627 - Jeremiah becomes a prophet to Judah
622 - Book of the Law found in the Temple
621 - Zephaniah's ministry ends
612 - Habakkuk becomes a prophet
612 - Nineveh falls
609 - King Josiah killed in battle
609 - Assyria completely conquered
605 - Babylonians win battle of Carchemish
605 - First captivity of Judah;
605 - Daniel taken captive to Babylon

597 - Babylon's second attack on Judah
597 - Second captivity of Judah;
597 - Ezekiel taken captive to Babylon
593 - Ezekiel begins to prophesy in Babylonia
588 - Habakkuk's ministry ends
586 - Judah (southern kingdom) falls to Babylon
586 - Jerusalem destroyed; exiles go to Babylon
586 - Jeremiah's ministry ends

553 - Daniel's first vision
539 - Babylon overthrown by Cyrus
539 - Daniel thrown to lions
538 - Cyrus's decree allowing the (first) exiles to return to Jerusalem
536 - Temple construction begins
535 - Daniel's ministry ends

530 - Temple work halted
522 - Darius I becomes king of Persia
520 - Haggai, Zechariah become prophets;
520 - Messages of prophet Haggai, Zechariah
520 - Temple work resumed
515 - Temple completed

486 - Xerxes becomes king of Persia
479 - Esther becomes queen
474 - Haman's decree to destroy the Jews
473 - First Festival of Purim
465 - Artaxerxes I becomes king of Persia
458 - Ezra comes to Jerusalem
445 - Nehemiah comes to Jerusalem; wall completed
433 - Nehemiah returns to Babylon
432 - Nehemiah goes back to Jerusalem
430(?) - Malachi begins his ministry